Comparing Grimms The Brave Little Tailor and Aschenputtel :: Childrens Literature Essays

Comparing Grimms The Brave Little Tailor and AschenputtelIn Germany, fairy tales were a part of day-to-day life and the Germans take a shit repeatedly used fairy tales to explain the world to themselves (Zipes 75). In fact, Kinder-und Hausmrchen was indeed in nearly every household in Germany. These fairy tales written by the Grimm Brothers atomic number 18 known for universe German fairy tales. So what makes these tales so Germanic and others tales not? How do Grimms German tales compare to others? Through evaluating two plant by the Grimms, The Brave Little Tailor and Aschenputtel, we will answer these questions. The characteristics that the Grimm fairy tales possess do seem to be quite Germanic. The German people are usually very stubborn, more violent than not, and very sarcastic. In The Brave Little Tailor, the cat carries the characteristics of a typical German. He has gone and collected partridges for the pouf and returned with gold for his master. He then tells his master that this gold will not make them content, that they will need more to be happy. How stubborn of the cat to be so greedy in nature. This tale begins with the death of the miller and ends with the death of the king. Although not giving gruesome details of the death, this continues to have a feeling of violence. The destination trait is that of sarcasm. The cat is trying to fend for his life against being made into a pair gloves while the narrators, the Grimms, make fun of a cat being able to talk and walk like a human. This seems to be a serious part of the story, however, the Brothers make it light hearted by contributing sarcastic humor. In Aschenputtel, there is not one character that possesses all the Germanic traits. The stepmother demonstrates being stubborn when she continuously finds chores for Cinderella to do. First she puts only one bowl of lentils in the ashes and the adjacent time she uses two bowls. When Cinderella achieves both tasks with time re maining. The sarcasm is very light in this tale but is shown through the repetition of the pecking of the birds. It is also shown when the pigeons sing songs that rhyme. Aschenputtel is a very violent tale. It begins, like The Brave Little Tailor, with the death of Cinderellas mother.

HG Wells †The War Of The Worlds Essay -- English Literature

HG Wells The War Of The WorldsHG Wells uses literacy techniques in The War Of The Worlds to addtension and compose a better more frightening atmosphere. He uses fourmain types of literacy techniques that atomic number 18 Juxtaposition Pathetic fallacy Omniscient viewpoint And cliffhangersThe meaning of these are as followed Juxtaposition this is where two completely different facts are put next to each other to make a comparison that stands come to the fore intelligibly and completely changes the atmosphere. Pathetic fallacy this is where the weather matches the mood of some one. Omniscient viewpoint the author and the reader knows what is going to happen but the character does not. Cliffhanger this direction main things 1. A melodramatic serial in which each episode ends in suspense. 2. A suspenseful situation occurring at the end of a chapter, scene, or episode. 3. A contest so closely matched that the outcome is uncertain until the end.Examples of these four techni ques are found in the HG Wells The War OfThe Worlds. The examples I picked out especially for this work are theones I feel are most important and best show what these techniques.These were picked out of the book.JuxtapositionAnd this was the little world in which I had been living in securelyfor years, this fiery chaosAbout six in the flush, as I sat at tea with my married woman in thesummerhouse talking vigorously about the battle that was lowering uponus, I heard a muffled detonation from the common, and immediatelyafter a gust of firing.The heavy firing that had broken out while we were driving downMaybury Hill ceased as abruptly as it began, leaving the evening verypeaceful and ... ...t smite, swiftly meansquick, agile and nimble and smite meaning striking and powerful, whichis constructed to make the Martians look strong and powerful. Wells in any case uses a contrasting pair to create a sense of optimism where hesays This was printed in enormous type on paper so fresh that i t was chill out wet, which shows optimism in the way that an announcement hadbeen made to assure the safety in the people of London. A fast pace iscreated in this episode by having the city chaotic at one time, butthen an assurance is made that the people will be safe, but some maynot believe that they are safe, which causes great tension in thisepisode, and for the next chapter of the book.This passage describes why the Martian invasion failed, and how theMartians were destroyed. The atmosphere created in this episode is oneof wage increase optimism and reflection.

Looking at a Growing City :: essays papers

Looking at a Growing CityIn her lecture, Ms. Gretchen Schneider gave an in depth study of the changing uses of space in the development of the city of Boston. Her study involved a look at the history and land of the city and how they informed the decisions made regarding development and change in the city. In Jack Aherns lecture, he discussed landscape scenarios, which included a look at the several(predicate) spatial concepts of landscape planning. Both lectures included information that could be extracted and applied when analyzing the development of any city. In this paper, I will be applying the ideas they presented in my let brief analysis of the development of my hometown, Nashua, NH.Nashua, New Hampshire is a small city of 175,000 people that lies on the border of Massachusetts. It began as an Indian fishing village on the Nashua River and with time and the construction of the Daniel Webster (Main) street, it grew to be a small factory town. Around the civil war time s, Main Street became the main retail district as it was close to the textile factories that ran along the river. Small neighborhoods developed at either end of Main Street along with a railroad station wolfram of the center of town. At this stage of Nashuas development, it most closely resembled a contained interdigitation. The community and buildings were located in the central part of town, with a few neighborhoods that ran external the boundaries.By about 1900, the city had begun to expand in all four directions, still fairly contained by the wilderness and the outskirts still resembled the interdigitation. BY the 1940, main new(prenominal) main roads were built, stemming from Main Street, and there was a great expansion, and the fingers of the interdigitation grew long, stretching into more of the wild land. Owners of the farms near town sold their land and moved to these areas on the western part of town, cleared the woods and built them selves huge farms and orchards. The neighborhoods north and south of the town got larger and expanded to east some. The growth of the city was suitable fast and town officials decided to begin claiming public grounds and building parks. It was at this time that Greeley Park was built that contained about a square poop mile of land and Holman stadium was built at the northern part of town.

Pocho by Jose Antonio Villarreal Essay -- Mexican Culture Catholicism

Pocho by Jose Antonio VillarrealThe 1959 novel, Pocho, by Jos Antonio Villarreal is an insightful cultural exposition told primarily from the vantage point of Richard Rubio, the coming-of-age son of immigrant Mexican p bents who eventually settle in Santa Clara, California, after many seasons of migrant farm work. Although fiction, the story likely mirrors some of the experiences of the author who was born to migrant laborers in Los Angeles in 1924 and was himself a pocho - a chela of the depression era Mexican-American transition. (I am a Pocho, he state, and we speak like this because here in California we make Castilian words out of side words. p 165)Such a journey was a difficult one (...for the transition from the culture of the old world to that of the new world should never nominate been attempted in one generation. p 135), and Villarreal nicely employs a cross cultural bildungsroman to explore a diversity of related themes.Among the most prominent are strains of racism/class ism, belonging and dislocation, death and meaning and self-identity, and sexual awakening. In a slim 187 pages the author competently weaves social gossip (via the seemingly innocent stripling perspective) into a moving narrative that only occasionally veers toward the pedantic.Richards father, Juan Rubio, is proud to be a Mexican and resents the Spanish people, whom he identifies as oppressors (although Juan is clearly of Spanish demarcation since he had fair skin and blue-gray eyes - p 1). He explains to his son, who exclaims in response to his fathers prejudice, But all your friends are Spanish (p 99)That is all there is here, said Juan Rubio, but these people are different - they are also from the lower class... ...s parents. Second, one should not, on penalty of going to Hell, discuss religion with the priests. And, last, one should not ask questions on history of the teachers, or one will be kept in after school, he said. I do not call up it in me to understand why it is this way. (p 85, 86)Author Jos Antonio Villarreal has a dry sense of humor and, as mentioned above, does a marvelous job weaving bits of wry commentary throughout the novel. Another fun quote is when Richards sister, Luz, demonstrates her own prejudice for the newly arrived, and darker skinned, Mexicans Well, they aint got nuthin and they dont even talk good English. (p 148) Now, 50 years after the novel was prototypic written, the story is still relevant. Its an intriguing narrative and helpful in capturing the double consciousness that many Mexican-Americans lived with as a matter of course.

The War Against Athletes :: essays research papers fc

THE WAR AGAINST ATHLETESIn schools around the country, m each athletes are being subjected to a great indignity. They are being unembellished of their personal privileges. They are scorned and questioned of their morale, without cause or evidence. The trust once shared between students and teachers, the bond between children and parents has been torn apart. Athletes ranging from middle school to proud school are being subjected to tests for do drugs use. Drugs that only thirteen percent of the student populations are responsible for. (Brecher, n.pag.) The remaining eighty-seven percent of the students are being accused of, and unrightfully suspected of drug use. But why just athletes? Why not the rest of the students? In their quest for a more civil society, administrators dupe forgotten their true goals equality for all students. If an athlete is to be stripped of his rights, why not another student? What makes an athlete more susceptible to drug use than a non-athlete? A cle ar level of discrimination is evident in the Supreme Court decision to make drug testing of athletes jural in the United States. (no author, 4). It is wrong to suspect a person more likely to do drugs than another person solely on their extra-curricular activities.Athletes are subjected to conditions more or less students are not. They go through more training and spend more time working than do most other students. Athletes, along with their parent or guardians, spend time and money to participate in athletic events. Each one of them works hard to achieve their personal goals, something that schools try to incorporate into their curriculum all over the country. Athletes are an example to the rest of the student body, through their level of effort and their desire to improve. They are rewarded by shoving their hard-status down the toilet, along with any feelings of privacy or personal pride. Only nobody seems to notice this injustice. For some reason, our society, or its governme nt at least, seems to believe that athletes are the focal point of drug trafficking in schools around the country. By being the uplifting students they are, athletes have drawn attention to themselves. Attention that has gone from sweet to a more hateful comic attention. The kind of attention the press brings when a famous person is suspected of wrongdoing. The suspicion feeds on itself, until some anarchist reporter brings it to a rolling travail by exposing the entire scandal.

The War Against Athletes :: essays research papers fc

THE WAR AGAINST ATHLETESIn schools around the country, many athletes be being subjected to a great indignity. They are being stripped of their individualal privileges. They are scorned and gather upioned of their morale, without cause or evidence. The trust once shared amongst school-age childs and teachers, the bond between children and parents has been torn apart. Athletes ranging from middle school to high school are being subjected to tests for drug use. Drugs that only thirteen percent of the student populations are responsible for. (Brecher, n.pag.) The be eighty-seven percent of the students are being accused of, and unrightfully suspected of drug use. But why just athletes? Why not the rest of the students? In their quest for a more civil society, administrators have forgotten their true goals equality for all students. If an athlete is to be stripped of his rights, why not another student? What makes an athlete more susceptible to drug use than a non-athlete? A clear level of discrimination is evident in the Supreme Court decisiveness to make drug testing of athletes legal in the United States. (no author, 4). It is wrong to suspect a person more likely to do drugs than another person solely on their extra-curricular activities.Athletes are subjected to conditions some students are not. They go through more training and spend more time working than do most other students. Athletes, along with their parent or guardians, spend time and money to participate in athletic events. Each one of them works hard to succeed their personal goals, something that schools try to incorporate into their curriculum all over the country. Athletes are an example to the rest of the student body, through their level of effort and their desire to improve. They are rewarded by shoving their hard-status down the toilet, along with any feelings of privacy or personal pride. Only nobody seems to notice this injustice. For some reason, our society, or its government at l east, seems to conceptualize that athletes are the focal point of drug trafficking in schools around the country. By being the uplifting students they are, athletes have drawn attention to themselves. Attention that has gone from harming to a more hateful suspicious attention. The kind of attention the press brings when a famous person is suspected of wrongdoing. The suspicion feeds on itself, until some anarchist reporter brings it to a rolling boil by exposing the entire scandal.

Sustainable Production Practices and Determinant Factors of Green Supply Chain Management of Chinese Companies

Business Strategy and the Environment Bus. Strat. Env. 21, 116 (2012) Published online 16 February 2011 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary. com) DOI 10. 1002/bse. 705 Sustainable production Practices and Determinant Factors of parkland Supply Chain concern of Chinese Companies Xianbing Liu,1* Jie Yang,2 Sixiao Qu,2 Leina Wang,2 Tomohiro Shishime1 and Cunkuan Bao2 1 Kansai investigate Centre, Institute for b totally-shaped Environmental Strategies (IGES), Japan 2 College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, chinaw argonABSTRACT This publisher explores the common render chain oversight (GSCM) of companies based in the Yangtze River Delta, China. The companies boilers suit GSCM practice take (LGSCM) is measured by using the data from 165 valid respondents in a questionnaire survey conducted during April and May 2009. The relationships amidst LGSCM and the classi? ed determinative figures atomic number 18 analyzed. It is indicated that Chin ese companies are still at a preliminary stagecoach of GSCM practices. Their environmental counselling in cooperation with outdoor(a) members of the add up chain is very marginal.A caller-ups LGSCM is signi? formalismly and positively associated with the immaterial air pressures from restrictive, domestic clients and patronage competitors. As an internecine factor, a come withs learning talent greatly determines LGSCM. We also con? rm that the issue factors function as intermediate proteans of extraneous pressures in in? uencing a associations GSCM. A companys environmental attention capacities get out be strongly enhanced by frequent indwelling training of employees to increase its affair in GSCM practices. secure 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. Received 5 July 2010 revised 14 December 2010 accepted 16 December 2010 Keywords sustainable production atomic number 19 allow for chain management practices epitope factors China Introduction en vironment, in the forms of pollutant generation, ecosystem hoo-hah and depletion of resources (Fiksel, 1996). The pressures and drivers from a encompassing accompanying globalization constitute pushed manufacturers in developing economies same(p) China to improve their environmental carry throughance (Zhu and Sarkis, 2006).Environmental concerns gradually twist part of the overall vexation culture and, in turn, admirer re? engineer the development strategies of corporations (Madu et al. , 2002). Corporate environmental management (CEM) has been moving from traditional pollution control and try management towards product deportment? cycle * Correspondence to Xianbing Liu, Kansai Research Centre, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Hitomirai Building 4F, 1? 5? 2, Wakinohama Kaigan Dori, Chuo? ku, Hyogo, 651? 0073, Japan. E? mail emailprotected or. jp Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment OUT OF ALL BUSINESS OPERATIONS, MANUFACTURING PROC ESSES ARE VIEWED TO HAVE THE HIGHEST IMPACTS ON THE 2 Xianbing Liu et al. management and industrial ecology. Recently, CEM has extended to certain boundary? spanning activities homogeneous green procurance, product stewardship, reverse logistics and so on (Zsidisin and Siferd, 2001 Snir, 2001 Prahinski and Kocabasoglu, 2006). These practices are related to supply chain management, which requires various interactions between the core manufacturer and the some other entities on the supply chain, either the upstream suppliers or downstream distri onlyors and nodes.The belief of supply chain management for environmental protection was ? rst put forward by Drumwright (1994), which identi? ed the characteristics of those companies introducing new manufacturing ideas. Later, green supply chain management (GSCM) was de? ned as a new term by the Manufacturing Research Association at Michigan give in University, USA (Hand? eld, 1996). The fast economic growth of China has greatly reli ed on the extensive expansion of manufacturing industries which produce resource? intensive but cheap goods for unusual markets.The regulatory requirements in developed economies, often(prenominal) as the familiar European Union (EU) Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive and the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive, have forced electronics manufacturers in China to actively practice certain GSCM activities. The comparatively broad(prenominal) position of Chinese manufacturers in the global supply chain offers the possibility, and an paragon setting, to explore their actual GSCM involvements. Zhu et al. (2008) studied the emerging GSCM practices at company level in a Chinese context, and con? med that GSCM is still a new concept for most Chinese companies as they change their environmental management from inside efforts to the whole supply chain. In terms of determinant factors for GSCM practices, this previous engage primarily focuse on a companys midland issues, such(prenominal) as the importance of the companys learning? oriented programs and fight down of efflorescence managers. The pressures from externally related stakeholders bear further study callable to their importance to a companys environmental behavior (Zhu et al. , 2008).Subsequent studies employing both external pressures and internal factors would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the relationships between GSCM practices and the determinant factors. In addition, Zhu et al. (2008) conducted their survey in the northern cities of China. Surveys of companies based in the other geographical areas of China would be necessary and meaningful. In order to close the research gap set forth preceding(prenominal), this paper identi? es the external pressures which determine the level of a companys GSCM practices while using internal factors as the intermediate variables.The Yangtze River Delta, including Shanghai and surrounding regions, is sel ected as the study area mainly due to its comparatively developed economy compared with other regions of China. The improved background of CEM provides us with the possibility of monitoring a companys GSCM practices there. Considering the complexity of GSCM practices, which may be attributed to the tolerant scope of environmental activities at take issueent phases of the supply chain, this paper classi? es four categories of typical GSCM activities by referring to the existing literatures (e. g.Sarkis, 2005). both topics are mainly controverted in this paper (1) the current status of GSCM practices of the companies in the study area and (b) determinant factors, external and internal, predicting the level of a companys involvement in GSCM practices. books Review Although there is no uniform de? nition for GSCM so far, basic and common understandings have been formed supposedly and in practice. GSCM emphasizes the concerns for the environment along the whole supply chain and req uires long? term and strategic collaborations between the supply chain members.GSCM covers the management of the life cycle of a product, from its manufacture and function until the end? of? life (Nagel, 2000). GSCM practices may be separated according to the stages of production, distribution and utilization, and thus can be categorized into internally green manufacturing activities, green procurement, eco? design, green retailing and green consumption by individuals (Walton et al. , 1998 Zsidisin and Hendrick, 1998 Carter et al. , 2000). Research on GSCM has been building gradually, but still quells sparse (Vachon and Klassen, 2008).GSCM studies were previously conducted by addressing the following aspects general and basic issues like designing the framework for GSCM (Geoffrey et al. , 2002) implementation of GSCM strategies (Sarkis, 2003) environmental assessment of GSCM practices (Vijay et al. , 2003) relationship between a companys performance and GSCM practices (Klassen an d Mclaughin, 1996) and speci? c GSCM activities like green purchasing (Min and Galle, 1997), Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment Bus. Strat. Env. 21, 116 (2012) DOI 10. 1002/bseGreen Supply Chain anxiety in China 3 total quality and environmental management (Sarkis, 1999), green marketing (Karna and Heiskanen, 1998), and environmental performance e paygrade of suppliers (Hines and Johns, 2001). Cooperation among the companies on the supply chain is the key to drive them to improve the environmental compatibility of their businesses (Ken et al. , 2000). Generally, the bene? ts of collaborative practices with upstream suppliers are much roomyer. In contrast, collaboration with downstream customers yields mixed outcomes Vachon and Klassen, 2008). By exploring the operational performances due to green partnership along the supply chain, Vachon and Klassen (2006) indicated that partnership with customers was positively related to product quality and ? exibility, whereas partnership with suppliers was associated with let on delivery operations. Thun and Muller (2010) interviewed managers from the self-propelled supply patience in Germany and con? rmed the need for GSCM on the superstar hand but corresponding problems in terms of required resource on the other.Case studies of the British and Japanese food retail sector and the British aerospace industry showed that it would be easier to adopt GSCM if certain suppliers could play a leading role in a group of similar suppliers (Jeremy, 2000). While large companies can economy their supplies to comply with certain environmental initiatives, cooperative approaches are likely to be more fruitful. Sharfman et al. (2009) suggested that inter rm institutionalise, uncertainty and proactive environmental management most instanter affect the extent of a companys engagement in GSCM.Jeppesen and Hansen (2004) examined the conditions for environmental upgrading of Third humankind companies led by foreign companies. They argued that environmental upgrading on the cherish chain must be understood partly as a result of external industry and market forces, and partly as a result of the internal resources and competitive strategies of the companies involved. Two typical models are found for better application of GSCM strategies. One is to develop more environmentally friendly goods through with(predicate) cooperation like joint research.The other is to request that the suppliers satisfy higher environmental standards, for example achieving ISO14001 certi? cation, and the limitation of speci? ed materials in products. The construction of cooperative strategies and the evaluation of suppliers help improve the compatibilities of supply chain to the environment (Lamming, 1996). The extent of GSCM practices adopted by Chinese companies was examined by a survey of companies in several industrial sectors such as power generation, petrochemical substances, electric and electronics and automobiles (Zhu and Geng, 2006).It was hard for the surveyed companies to integrate environmental issues into their business operations with suppliers and customers. Some leading companies have made efforts in internally proactive CEM practices like pursuing ISO14001 certi? cation, but most have just started to consider external GSCM activities. In China, environmental pressures are stronger for large companies than for short and middling? size ones (Zhu and Geng, 2001). Automotive original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have been required by the automobile assemblers to operate in an environmental manner since Chinese entry into the World Trade fundamental law (WTO) in 2001.Chinese electronic write in codeprises are found to be performing better in GSCM practices (Zhu and Sarkis, 2006). maturement of an Analytical Framework and Research Hypotheses As mentioned earlier, this study tries to thrive the determinant factors of GSCM practices in China from a companys internal expla natory variables, which have been explored in previous studies (e. g. Zhu et al. , 2008), to the external pressures. Different alternative theoretical viewpoints, such as stakeholder theory, institutional theory and the resource? based view, have been used to look at GSCM practices.As typical inter? organizational collaborations, the stakeholder theory with broad acceptance would be appropriate for discussing GSCM issues rather than intra? organizational management activities. In practice, stakeholder theory and institutional theory are rather similar in class a companys external others, including the input and output environment of the company (suppliers and product consumers), its competitive environment (companies producing similar services or products) and its regulatory environment (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983 Delmas and Toffel, 2004).In this study, we identi? ed the determinant factors of GSCM practices by referring to existing literature and developed an overall analytical fr amework as shown in signifier 1. The relationships between the determinant factors and a companys GSCM activities and research hypotheses are explained as follows. Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment Bus. Strat. Env. 21, 116 (2012) DOI 10. 1002/bse 4 Xianbing Liu et al. Figure 1. Overall analytical framework of this studyHypothesis a (Ha) impertinent Pressures The importance of external factors lies in the complementary nature of the factors behind Chinese companies adoption of GSCM practices at the archeozoic stage of environmental policy transformation. Besides the requirements of governmental canons, domestic and foreign clients, competitors and neighboring communities may exert pressures on the companies (Hall, 2000). These external pressures have jointly prompted companies to become more aware of environmental problems and to practice certain GSCM activities (Sarkis, 1998 Hervani et al. 2005). Customer expectations have become the most grievous exter nal pressure (Doonan et al. , 2005). To achieve sustainable solutions and business goals, the environmental properties of products and services have to satisfy customer demands (Zhu and Sarkis, 2006). Communities refer to those who are not necessarily involved in the business partnership directly but have knowledge of local companies (Nelson et al. , 1999). The community perspectives shoul be adequately represented as they may in? uence a companys decision? aking branch (Kearney, 2004). It has been indicated that communities have the ability to in? uence the social reputation of a company (Henriques and Sadorsky, 1996). According to Zhu and Sarkis (2006), Hall (2000) and Sarkis (1998), external pressures are believed to be important factors affecting a companys GSCM practices. This generates the ? rst integrative possibility of this study as Ha companies that face higher pressures from external stakeholders are more likely to adopt GSCM practices.Hypothesis b (Hb) familiar Factor s Business strategy is not only in? uenced by external stakeholders since companies subject to the same level of external pressure may perform differently (Prakash, 2000 Gunningham et al. , 2003). It is argued that companies also adopt different environmental practices due to their individual interpretations of the objective pressures from the outside. The difference between objective and perceived pressures would lead to diverse responses from companies.Therefore, our analytical model adds two internal organizational factors, namely hold back by top managers and a companys learning capacity, to jointly explain a companys GSCM practices. Management support by top managers is critical for the introduction and implementation of innovations in a company, especially environmental management systems (EMSs) (Daily and Huang, 2001). outmatch management support can affect the success of new initiatives by facilitating employee involvement or by promoting a cultural shift in the company, f or example. old research suggests that cross? unctional programs need support from senior management, and indicates that top management support is associated with the success of environmentally best-loved purchasing (Carter et al. , 1998). As GSCM is a broad? based organizational endeavor, Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment Bus. Strat. Env. 21, 116 (2012) DOI 10. 1002/bse Green Supply Chain Management in China 5 it has the potential to bene? t from top management support. Meanwhile, a companys learning capacity is viewed as especially important in a resource? ased view. GSCM practices are amenable to the bene? ts derived from learning since they are human resource? intensive and greatly rely on tacit skill development by employee involvement, team work and shared expertise (Hart, 1995). The capacity for implementing innovative environmental approaches is usually enhanced by employee self? learning, professional education and on? the? billet training. The ed ucation level of employees and the frequency of internal environmental training are often used as proxies of a companys learning capacity.The above discussions suggest two sub? hypotheses on internal factors which may be expressed as Hb1 and Hb2 Hb1 a companys level of GSCM practices is positively associated with the support of top managers. Hb2 a companys level of GSCM practices is positively associated with the companys learning capacity. Hypothesis c (Hc) the Linkage of External and immanent Factors As discussed above, the addition of internal factors reasonably complements the pressures from external stakeholders in explaining the practice of GSCM.A companys internal factors may be viewed as intermediate variables to adjust the in? uences of external pressures. A company will be unlikely to implement GSCM activities if it does not have the necessary capacity, no matter what pressures it faces. This generates one more hypothesis on the relationship of external pressures and inte rnal factors in determining a companys GSCM practices in this study, which may be documented as Hc the relationships between a companys external pressures and adoption of GSCM are mediated by internal factors. MethodsSamples and Data Collection The data for this study were collected by a questionnaire survey conducted in the region of the Yangtze River Delta during April and May 2009. Two small areas in the delta were selected for the survey implementation. One was Taichang, a county? level city in Jiangsu Province. another(prenominal) was Kangqiao Industrial Park based in Shanghai. Developed from traditional environmental policies, local environmental agencies have tried slightly innovative measures for improving CEM by encouraging the publics involvement against industrial pollution.With aims to reduce the compliance cost and maintain ? nancial respect, the companies there have adopted some proactive environmental practices. The better background of CEM in the study area compare d with other regions of China provides the possibility for us to monitor companies GSCM activities in this study. According to the literature overview and preliminary understandings closely the contextual background of the study area, a questionnaire was developed to measure companies GSCM practices, determinant factors and organizational performance.The questionnaire format consisted of four major components general information on the companies GSCM activities such as environmentally preferable procurement the degree of external pressures felt by the companies and the evaluation of environmental and economic performances. The environmental managers were chosen as central points in the survey to answer the questions concerning GSCM issues in their companies. Due to the large scope for GSCM activities, the environmental manager discussed matters with the purchasing manager and production manager as necessary.Over a period of approximately 2 months, the survey was conducted in two p hases. In the ? rst stage, local government of? cials and seven companies were contacted in order to test the validation and feasibility of answering the survey document. The questions are listed in a concise but accurate manner to avoid misunderstanding by the respondents. The ? nalized format was sent to 210 enterprises on a name list provided by the local environmental protection bureaus Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment Bus. Strat. Env. 21, 116 (2012) DOI 10. 1002/bse 6 Xianbing Liu et al. EPBs). A total of 165 respondents were con? rmed to be useful for the digest, meaning a relatively high (78. 6%) valid response rate due to the coordination of local EPBs. The distribution of usable responses by industrial sectors is listed in parry 1. As expected, the samples from the sectors of machinery manufacturing, chemicals and textile and dyeing account for nearly half of the total, which are the exemplification industries in the study area. Operationalizat ion of the Variables Dependent Variable The unfree variable in this study is LGSCM, a companys overall GSCM practice level.LGSCM may be represented by a series of practical activities since it is dif? cult to directly measure the degree of GSCM involvement. Twelve items of GSCM activities were identi? ed to estimate a companys overall level of GSCM practices in the current Chinese context, as listed in panel A of card 2 and abbreviated as GA1 to GA12. This study addresses the GSCM practices as a companys proactive environmental efforts in the manufacturing phase by excluding the end? of? pipe pollution control amounts and reverse logistic management of used products.Four categories of GSCM practices, represented by C1 to C4, respectively, are included internally proactive environmental activities (C1) environmentally preferable procurement (C2) environmentally conscious design (C3) and supplier managed inventories and services (C4) (Walton et al. , 1998 Carter et al. , 2000 Zsidi sin and Hendrick, 1998). Achieving ISO14001 certi? cation, implementation of cleaner production auditing and reutilization of byproducts and other cop are chosen as internal proactive environmental activities of the companies.A companys procurement strategies have strong impacts on the upstream producers in the supply chain, e. g. by buying non? toxic materials (Sarkis, 2003). In this study, four types of activities are de? ned as environmentally preferable procurement by the companies requiring suppliers to offer cleaner products, evaluating suppliers environmental performances, providing education and technical assistance to suppliers, and providing education for internal procurement staff.environmentally conscious design primarily focuses on technological improvements of products and processes to mitigate environmental impacts. troika items of activities, namely working closely with suppliers in product design, reducing waste in cooperation with suppliers and providing product? related environmental information for customers, are selected to assess the environmentally conscious design practices of companies. The last type of GSCM practice is supplier managed inventories and services which are found in chemical industries.Certain chemical companies commissioned their schedule management to the providers of raw materials due to the higher potential risks and the management experiences of the suppliers (PPRC, 2002). Since many chemical companies are located in the study area, two items are included to represent a companys GSCM activities in this aspect. One is to entrust suppliers to manage company inventories. Another is to offer take stock management services for clients. Sector Paper Textile and dyeing Chemicals Plastics and rubber Metals Machinery and equipment manufacturing Electronics Automobile Printing Construction Others In totalNumber of samples 5 19 24 7 5 35 6 13 3 5 43 165 Percentage 3. 0 11. 5 14. 6 4. 3 3. 0 21. 2 3. 6 7. 9 1. 8 3. 0 26. 1 1 00. 0 get across 1. Distribution of the usable respondents by industrial sectors Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment Bus. Strat. Env. 21, 116 (2012) DOI 10. 1002/bse Green Supply Chain Management in China Variable Description of the proxy 0 A GSCM activities Internal proactive Achieving ISO14001 certification (GA1) environmental spic-and-span production uditing (GA2) management (C1) Reutilization of byproducts and other wastes (GA3) Require suppliers to offer cleaner products (GA4) Environmentally Evaluate environmental performances of suppliers (GA5) preferable procurement (C2) Provide education and technical assistance for suppliers (GA6) Environmental education for internal purchasing staff (GA7) Work closely with suppliers in product design (GA8) Environmentally Work with suppliers on waste minimization (GA9) conscious Provide environmental information for products (GA10) design (C3) Supplier managed Entrust suppliers to manage some of the inventories (G A11) inventories (C4) Offer inventory management services for clients (GA12) 1 Valuation 2 3 4 5 7 LGSCMB Determinant factors REGULATORY DCLIENT competitor COMMUNITY FCLIENT TSUPPORT EDUCATION prep Pressure of environmental regulations Importance of domestic clients environmental expectation Importance of competitors green strategies Pressure of complaints from neighboring communities Pressure of foreign customers environmental expectation Degree of support from companys top managers Education level of the employees Frequency of internal environmental training External pressures Internal factors C Control variables Characteristics of the companies Companys size (LSIZ) Industrial sector belongings ( sector) Natural log of turnover Table 2. Definition and valuation of GSCM activities, the determinant factors and the controls The companies were requested to present a ? ve? oint Likert scale for apiece item of the 12 activities. The scales are de? ned as 1 = not considering the activ ity at all 2 = planning to consider 3 = considering currently 4 = partially implementing and 5 = implementing successfully. The average score for all 12 items was used to represent the companys LGSCM. In a similar way, the average score for the items of each GSCM category was used as the level of practice of that category. Independent Variables Recalling the section on Development of Analytical Framework and Research Hypotheses, the determinant factors behind companies adoption of GSCM activities include external pressures and internal factors. As listed in panel B of Table 2, ? e external pressures and three internal factors are classi? ed. In a similar way, a ? ve? point Likert scale was used to measure the importance, strength or degree of each factor 1 = not at all 2 = to some degree 3 = moderate 4 = relatively high 5 = very high. The score for each factor was used to estimate its relationship with LGSCM. The only exception is for FCLIENT (pressure from foreign customers). The c ompanys export ratios were used as the proxy for this variable. It is assumed that the higher a companys export ratio was, the higher the Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment Bus. Strat. Env. 21, 116 (2012) DOI 10. 1002/bse 8 Xianbing Liu et al. ressure from foreign markets that would be felt by the company. The export ratios were classi? ed into four levels in the questionnaire format with consideration of easier responses from the surveyed companies. Control Variables Two more variables are introduced into the analytical framework as the controls. One is company size and another is the industrial sector to which it belongs. The existing literature suggests that larger companies are more likely to be under public scrutiny and are expected to have a higher propensity to be involved in innovative environmental practices (Hettige et al. , 1996). Larger companies are also likely to have superior resources for environmental activities.Companies with higher environm ental sensitivity are more unforced to improve their environmental performances. Panel C of Table 2 lists the methods for evaluating control variables. A natural log of the turnover in 2008 was used to represent a companys size. A companys industrial sector af? liation is classi? ed into two types, with 1 referring to environmentally sensitive industries (ESI) and 0 being non? ESIs. ESIs in China include mining, thermal power, construction materials, pulp and paper products, metallurgy, petroleum, brewing, fermentation, textiles, pharmacy, tanning and chemical industries (SEPA, 2003). The others are classi? ed as non? ESI.Results and Discussions Result for GSCM Practices of the Companies SPSS was used for the statistical analysis in this study. Cronbachs ? was calculated in order to test the consistency reliability of the note cling tos given to the items of GSCM activities. The estimated ? for all 12 items is 0. 912, which is higher than the 0. 9 that would accuse a high validi ty of the dataset constructed. An exploratory factor analysis was performed on the 12 GSCM items to ? nd if there are different dimensions of these activities. Two factors were extracted. However, the ? rst factor accounts for 49. 9% of the variance in total and the second only accounts for 11. 6%.The rotated component matrix of the factor analysis is listed in Table 3. All the items relating to external GSCM practices (GA4 to GA12) are highly associated with factor 1. The results for internally proactive environmental activities (GA1, GA2 and GA3) are not clear since they have nearly equal loadings on both factors. The factor analysis result proves the rationality of using the average score of all the classi? ed GSCM items (LGSCM) as the dependent variable for the regression analysis in this study. Table 4 gives a statistical summary of the rafts of the de? ned GSCM activities. LGSCM of the respondents achieved an average score of 3. 9, indicating that Chinese companies are still at a very preliminary stage in their GSCM items 1 GA11 GA12 GA10 GA5 GA9 GA6 GA7 GA8 GA4 GA1 GA2 GA3 0. 814 0. 803 0. 779 0. 767 0. 749 0. 747 0. 730 0. 725 0. 691 0. 578 0. 490 0. 500 Component 2 ? 0. 119 ? 0. 107 0. 273 ? 0. 271 0. 321 ? 0. 303 0. 207 0. 492 0. 622 0. 583 Table 3. Rotated component matrix of factor analysis of GSCM items Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment Bus. Strat. Env. 21, 116 (2012) DOI 10. 1002/bse Green Supply Chain Management in China 9 GSCM practices. The surveyed companies have started to implement internally proactive CEM activities to some degree (averaged at 3. 413. 93).Most of them plan to think about or are considering the environmental activities which would be jointly practiced with external actors in the supply chain. As examples, GA6 (provide education and technical assistance for suppliers) and GA8 (work closely with suppliers in product design) only obtained average scores of slight than 3. 00. Nevertheless, slight i mprovement was observed in this study compared with the previous survey conducted in north China by Zhu and Sarkis (2006). This change may be attributed to the different location of the study areas. As described earlier, the region for this study has a relatively developed economy, and the companies there may be performing better on the environment than those in other areas. The surveyed companies match differently to the classi? d GSCM activities. Figure 2 provides details of the score distribution of GCSM activities practiced by the respondents. Many companies are implementing certain proactive Categories and items of GSCM activities Internal proactive environmental activities (C1) GA1 GA2 GA3 Environmentally preferable procurement (C2) GA4 GA5 GA6 GA7 Environmentally conscious design (C3) GA8 GA9 GA10 Supplier? managed inventories and services (C4) GA11 GA12 Overall level of GSCM practices (LGSCM) Obs. 158 159 clx 160 159 160 159 160 162 153 159 159 156 157 158 158 148 Mean 3. 6 0 3. 41 3. 51 3. 93 3. 38 3. 84 3. 47 2. 76 3. 48 3. 32 2. 93 3. 45 3. 54 3. 11 3. 10 3. 2 3. 39 SD 1. 07 1. 49 1. 35 1. 14 1. 01 1. 16 1. 19 1. 27 1. 27 1. 04 1. 30 1. 22 1. 27 1. 23 1. 24 1. 33 0. 91 Min. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Max. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Table 4. Statistical summary of GSCM activities of the surveyed companies One 100% 90% 80% Two Three Four Five Ratio of the score 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% GA1 GA2 GA3 GA4 GA5 GA6 GA7 GA8 GA9 GA10 GA11 GA12 Items of GSCM activities Figure 2. Distribution of the scores of companys GSCM activities Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment Bus. Strat. Env. 21, 116 (2012) DOI 10. 1002/bse 10 Xianbing Liu et al. internal CEM practices.Nearly 70% of the surveyed companies are reusing byproducts and other generated waste to some degree. Around half of them are making efforts to achieve ISO14001 certi? cation and are pursuing a cleaner production audit. The companies are selective about those G SCM activities requiring cooperation with external actors on the supply chain. close to 70% of the respondents are asking their upstream suppliers to provide cleaner materials or products to avoid possible environmental risks. The number of companies which ready internally environmental education for their procurement staff and work closely with their suppliers for waste minimization is also around 50%.Another item of GSCM activity practiced relatively better by the companies is to provide product? related environmental information for their clients. However, most of the companies do not supply technical assistance to their suppliers. About 65% of the companies have not taken any action concerning environmentally conscious design with their suppliers. In summary, the surveyed companies GSCM activities are obviously due to individual business needs and bene? ts from their own perspectives. GSCM is still a new concept for most Chinese companies. More time is needed for them to recog nize the importance of strategic cooperation with other members of the supply chain. In? epth GSCM practices within a wider scope would be adopted if companies could unite as a group with a shared strategy on business and environmental issues. Descriptive Statistics of the Other Variables Table 5 summarizes the variables describing the determinant factors of GSCM activities. Companies gave higher scores to the pressures from external stakeholders. Among the external pressures, the regulative requirements and domestic clients environmental expectations are viewed as highly important, achieving an average score of 4. 41 and 4. 29, respectively. Keeping up with competitors in the same sector is also regarded as an important factor (averaging 4. 08). The sampled companies usually carry out internal environmental training two or three times a year.The education level of employees is relatively low, probably because most of the companies are from traditionally labor? intensive industries. An average score of 2. 87 is presented for top managers support, which implies that company managers do not care much about GSCM efforts. This ? nding shows for a fact that the managers of Chinese companies do not seriously considering environmental activities other than basic compliance. Regarding the control variables indicating company characteristics, most of the samples are small and medium? sized. Large companies, with an annual turnover of more than ccc million Chinese yuan (CNY), only account for 7. 4% of the total.Small enterprises, which have fewer than 300 employees or yearly sales of less than CNY 30 million, account for 64. 2%. The remaining 28. 4% are medium? sized companies. According to the classi? cation criteria of the Chinese national environmental authority, half of the samples are categorized as ESI (49. 1%). The other half is non? ESI. Most of the respondents (71. 4%) process raw materials or produce components for downstream manufacturers. Result of the Relat ionship Between LGSCM and the Determinant Factors Pearson rank correlation was used to give a preliminary observation of the relationships between the overall level of GSCM practices and the determinant factors identi? ed earlier. The correlation matrix is shown in Table 6. ThisVariables and abbreviations REGULATORY DCLIENT contention COMMUNITY FCLIENT TSUPPORT EDUCATION teach Obs. 156 156 152 162 150 159 160 159 Mean 4. 41 4. 29 4. 08 3. 88 2. 46 2. 87 3. 30 4. 15 SD 0. 75 0. 86 0. 85 1. 73 1. 27 1. 35 1. 03 0. 75 Min. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Max. 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 External pressures Internal factors Table 5. Statistical summary of the determinant factors Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment Bus. Strat. Env. 21, 116 (2012) DOI 10. 1002/bse Green Supply Chain Management in China LGSCM LGSCM REGULATORY DCLIENT antagonist COMMUNITY FCLIENT TSUPPORT EDUCATION TRAINING 1 b 0. 195 a 0. 361 a 0. 391 ? 0. 083 0. 022 0. 113 a 0. 441 a 0. 559 REG.DCLIENT COMP. COMM. FCLIENT TS UP. EDU. 11 TRAINING 1 a 0. 395 a 0. 506 0. 035 0. 041 b ? 0. 176 b 0. 197 a 0. 477 1 a 0. 538 0. 008 0. 064 ? 0. 105 b 0. 354 a 0. 447 1 a 0. 038 0. 055 ? 0. 085 a 0. 238 a 0. 395 1 ? 0. 015 a ? 0. 471 0. 037 0. 150 1 ? 0. 086 0. 073 0. 139 1 ? 0. 041 ? 0. 073 1 a 0. 421 1 Table 6. Correlation coefficients of LGSCM and the determinant factors a Correlation is signi? cant at the 0. 01 level, two? tailed. b Correlation is signi? cant at the 0. 05 level, one? tailed. indicates that LGSCM is signi? cantly correlated with the external pressure variables DCLIENT and COMPETITOR, and internal factors like EDUCATION and TRAINING.Standard multiple regressions were performed with LGSCM as the dependent variable and each of the determinant factors and controls as independent variables. The results are listed in Table 7. The level of multi? collinearity between the variables was tested by an inspection of the condition indicator and variance proportions in the SPSS collinearity diagnostics tab le. According to the criteria given by Tabachnick and Fidell (2001), multi? collinearity is not a problem in this analysis since each condition index is less than 30 and the variance proportions are much less than 50. The regression result in Table 7 indicates that Ha is supported in general.Among the external pressures, DCLIENT and COMPETITOR are signi? cantly and positively associated with LGSCM at P = 0. 000. This implies that domestic clients environmental preferences and competitors green strategies for differentiation are major external drivers for companies to adopt GSCM activities. One more external factor which has a slightly positive correlation with LGSCM, signi? cant at P 0. 01, is REGULATORY. Government regulations were believed to be dominant forces for CEM in the past since a companys environmental strategies are imposed coercively via environmental sanctions (Delmas, 2002). However, this study classi? ed GSCM practices as those beyond basic environmental compliances .The governmental requirements may become a relatively minor factor for the adoption of GSCM practices. No signi? cant associations are found between the other two external pressures, COMMUNITY and FCLIENT, and LGSCM. The surveyed companies greatly determine the pressure from their neighboring communities. However, community pressure cannot account for a companys GSCM efforts, probably because the communities mainly complain about the environmentally illegal activities of companies rather than lobby for proactive efforts such as GSCM practices. The pressure from foreign clients is not strongly felt by manufacturers in the current phase. Regarding the internal factors, Hb1 is not supported. The support of top managers is not found to be signi? antly associated with a companys LGSCM in this survey, which is in contrast to the result of Carter et al. (1998). Nevertheless, Hb2 is fully con? rmed. The two variables representing a companys learning capacity, education level of employees (EDUCATION) and frequency of internal environmental training (TRAINING), are signi? cantly and positively associated with LGSCM at P = 0. 000. This result is identical to that of Zhu et al. (2008), which con? rms the hypothesis that the extent of GSCM practice engaged in by Chinese companies is positively related to the level of organizational learning capacity. Result of the Mediating melt down of Internal Factors The egression result of LGSCM and the determinant factors in the previous section con? rm the causal chains existing between each of the three external pressures (REGULATORY, DCLIENT and COMPETITOR) and two internal factors (EDUCATION and TRAINING) with LGSCM. Signi? cant relationships are found between each of the three external pressures and each of the two internal factors, as shown in Table 8. The t? statistic of all the regressions is greater than 2. 00. Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment Bus. Strat. Env. 21, 116 (2012) DOI 10. 1002/bse 12 V ariables entered (a) REGULATORY ? 0 REGULATORY LSIZ sphere F? value R2 (adjusted) (c) COMPETITOR ? COMPETITOR LSIZ SECTOR F? value R2 (adjusted) (e) FCLIENT ? 0 FCLIENT LSIZ SECTOR F? value R2 (adjusted) (g) EDUCATION ? 0 EDUCATION LSIZ SECTOR F? value R2 (adjusted) 0. 708 0. 374 0. 151 0. 178 1. 846 5. 721 4. 592 1. 299 18. 884 0. 294 0. 067 0. 000 0. 000 0. 196 1. 804 0. 033 0. 156 0. 253 4. 026 0. 544 3. 959 1. 573 5. 281 0. 097 0. 000 0. 588 0. 000 0. 118 0. 409 0. 356 0. 155 0. 258 0. 859 4. 224 4. 457 1. 772 13. 382 0. 226 0. 392 0. 000 0. 000 0. 079 0. 497 0. 266 0. 176 0. 293 0. 851 2. 760 4. 856 1. 960 9. 673 0. 169 0. 397 0. 007 0. 000 0. 052 Coef? cient t? statistic P? value Variables entered (b) DCLIENT ? 0 DCLIENT LSIZ SECTOR F? alue R2 (adjusted) (d) COMMUNITY ? 0 COMMUNITY LSIZ SECTOR F? value R2 (adjusted) (f) TSUPPORT ? 0 TSUPPORT LSIZ SECTOR F? value R2 (adjusted) (h) TRAINING ? 0 TRAINING LSIZ SECTOR F? value R2 (adjusted) ? 0. 310 0. 597 0. 128 0. 126 1. 803 ? 0. 021 0. 167 0. 278 1. 507 0. 041 0. 177 0. 260 0. 439 0. 342 0. 147 0. 322 Coef? cient Xianbing Liu et al. t? statistic P? value 0. 896 3. 890 4. 172 2. 210 12. 583 0. 214 0. 372 0. 000 0. 000 0. 029 3. 117 0. 840 4. 452 1. 680 7. 112 0. 123 0. 002 0. 402 0. 000 0. 095 4. 695 ? 0. 341 4. 018 1. 765 6. 188 0. 109 0. 000 0. 734 0. 000 0. 080 ?0. 726 7. 001 4. 031 0. 955 26. 249 0. 370 0. 469 0. 000 0. 000 0. 342 Table 7.Regression results for LGSCM and each of the determinant factors According to Baron and Kenny (1986), a third condition has to be met in order to con? rm the mediating function of internal factors as hypothesized in this study. The signi? cant relations between the external pressures and LGSCM shall be strongly reduced if the internal factors are controlled. We tested Hc by repeating the OLS regressions in three treads. In step 1, LGSCM is individually regressed against each of the three external pressures which have signi? cant relations with LGSCM. In step 2, each o f the three pressures and EDUCATION, as an internal factor, jointly enter into the regressions as independent variables.In a similar way, step 3 is carried out by substituting the variable of EDUCATION by TRAINING. The regression results are listed in Table 9. The rigour of the result was checked by doing the regressions with the control variables added for each slickness. The corresponding regression results are described in Table 10. There are no obvious changes in the signi? cances of the regression results listed in Tables 9 and 10. The mediation function of internal factors does occur and Hc is supported. In the case of introducing the internal factors into regressions, the signi? cances of external pressures to LGSCM are all reduced signi? cantly or even removed completely.This implies that the low level of GSCM involvement of Chinese companies could be fundamentally attributed to a lack of the necessary internal capacities for GSCM practices. The strong pressures Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment Bus. Strat. Env. 21, 116 (2012) DOI 10. 1002/bse Green Supply Chain Management in China Variables entered Coef? cient t? statistic P? value Coef? cient t? statistic 13 P? value (a) EDUCATION as dependent variable ? 0 REGULATORY F? value R2 (adjusted) ? 0 DCLIENT F? value R2 (adjusted) ? 0 COMPETITOR F? value R2 (adjusted) 2. 131 0. 268 4. 409 2. 479 6. 145 0. 033 3. 806 4. 671 21. 819 . 0120 5. 280 2. 982 8. 894 0. 050 0. 000 0. 014 (b) TRAINING as dependent variable 2. 014 0. 83 6. 196 6. 667 44. 445 0. 222 8. 689 6. 144 37. 748 0. 195 9. 751 5. 216 27. 211 0. 150 0. 000 0. 000 1. 503 0. 421 0. 000 0. 000 2. 451 0. 396 0. 000 0. 000 2. one hundred twenty-five 0. 288 0. 000 0. 003 2. 727 0. 350 0. 000 0. 000 Table 8. Regression results of internal factors and external pressures with significances to LGSCM Variable entered Coef? cient amount 1 t? statistic P? value Coef? cient Step 2 t? statistic P? value Coef? cient Step 3 t? statis tic P? value (a) REGULATORY as the independent variable ? 0 REGULATORY EDUCATION TRAINING F? value R2 (adjusted) 2. 331 0. 241 5. 126 2. 367 0. 000 0. 019 1. 502 0. 146 0. 375 3. 358 1. 540 5. 338 17. 416 0. 89 0. 001 0. 126 0. 000 0. 747 8. 783E? 02 0. 728 5. 601 0. 031 1. 699 ? 0. 895 7. 580 32. 931 0. 312 0. 092 0. 372 0. 000 (b) DCLIENT as the independent variable ? 0 DCLIENT EDUCATION TRAINING F? value R2 (adjusted) 1. 637 0. 407 4. 237 4. 619 0. 000 0. 000 1. 077 0. 286 0325 2. 813 3. 319 4. 634 22. 731 0. 236 0. 006 0. 001 0. 000 9. 139E? 02 0. 174 0. 612 21. 331 0. 124 0. 220 2. 206 6. 622 35. 351 0. 328 0. 826 0. 045 0. 000 (c) COMPETITOR as the independent variable ? 0 COMPETITOR EDUCATION TRAINING F? value R2 (adjusted) 1. 675 0. 423 4. 776 5. 031 0. 000 0. 000 0. 978 0. 319 0. 338 2. 787 4. 010 5. 101 27. 949 0. 279 0. 006 0. 000 0. 00 0. 100 0. 226 0. 570 25. 314 0. 147 0. 251 2. 811 6. 342 36. 265 0. 337 0. 802 0. 006 0. 000 Table 9. Regression results of LGSCM for med iating function test Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment Bus. Strat. Env. 21, 116 (2012) DOI 10. 1002/bse 14 Variable entered Coef? cient Step 1 t? statistic P? value Coef? cient Step 2 t? statistic P? value Coef? cient Xianbing Liu et al. Step 3 t? statistic P? value (a) REGULATORY as the independent variable ? 0 REGULATORY EDUCATION TRAINING LSIZ SECTOR F? value R2 (adjusted) 0. 497 0. 266 0. 851 2. 760 0. 397 0. 007 ? 0. 197 0. 194 0. 357 0. 162 0. 190 ? 0. 355 2. 177 5. 270 4. 99 1. 375 15. 139 0. 310 0. 723 0. 031 0. 000 0. 000 0. 172 ? 0. 220 ? 0. 029 0. 611 0. 125 0. 128 ? 0. 419 ? 0. 294 6. 159 3. 811 0. 944 19. 319 0. 368 0. 676 0. 769 0. 000 0. 000 0. 347 0. 176 0. 293 4. 856 1. 960 9. 673 0. 169 0. 000 0. 052 (b) DCLIENT as the independent variable ? 0 DCLIENT EDUCATION TRAINING LSIZ SECTOR F? value R2 (adjusted) 0. 439 0. 342 0. 896 3. 890 0. 372 0. 000 0. 008 0. 212 0. 322 0. 144 0. 214 0. 018 2. 453 4. 573 4. 373 1. 552 15. 598 0. 317 0. 986 0. 0 16 0. 000 0. 000 0. 123 ? 0. 638 0. 137 0. 540 0. 124 0. 153 ? 1. 343 1. 592 5. 842 3. 883 1. 139 20. 317 0. 380 0. 182 0. 114 0. 000 0. 000 0. 257 0. 147 0. 322 4. 72 2. 210 12. 583 0. 214 0. 000 0. 029 (c) COMPETITOR as the independent variable ? 0 COMPETITOR EDUCATION TRAINING LSIZ SECTOR F? value R2 (adjusted) 0. 409 0. 356 0. 859 4. 224 0. 392 0. 000 ? 0. 237 0. 275 0. 329 0. 148 0. 168 ? 0. 511 3. 472 4. 911 4. 592 1. 236 17. 453 0. 345 0. 610 0. 001 0. 000 0. 000 0. 219 ? 0. 742 0. 183 0. 524 0. 127 0. 124 ? 1. 589 2. 268 5. 753 3. 994 0. 928 21. 233 0. 393 0. 115 0. 025 0. 000 0. 000 0. 355 0. 155 0. 258 4. 457 1. 772 13. 382 0. 226 0. 000 0. 079 Table 10. Regression results for robustness test of the mediating function from external stakeholders do not necessarily lead to GSCM in reality. More speci? ally, REGULATORY is completely mediated by the two internal factors, while DCLIENT and COMPETITOR are only partially mediated. This indicates that the adoption of GSCM practice s of Chinese companies is probably more responsive to non? coercive and competitive factors such as pressures from the domestic clients and leading companies in the same sector. This interesting ? nding also con? rms that governmental regulations in China do not play an active role in encouraging industrial practices in GSCM. In addition, the greater reduction of signi? cances in step 3 than in step 2 demonstrates that the variable of TRAINING is thusly potent as an intermediate variable.The internal environmental training of related employees may strongly enhance a companys capacity to get out with external pressures by being proactive in environmental management such as GSCM practices. Conclusions This paper explores the current status and determinant factors of GSCM practices adopted by companies located in the Yangtze River Delta of China. The surveyed companies perform slightly better than the companies sampled in a Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment B us. Strat. Env. 21, 116 (2012) DOI 10. 1002/bse Green Supply Chain Management in China 15 previous survey in North China (Zhu et al. , 2008). However, the overall level of GSCM practices does not differ dramatically. This con? ms that Chinese companies are still at a preliminary stage of GSCM practices. In particular, the companies environmental management in cooperation with external members of the supply chain is very marginal. Among a larger range of determinant factors classi? ed in this study, external pressures from domestic clients and competitors are signi? cantly and positively associated with LGSCM while the regulatory pressure shows slightly positive in? uence. Learning capacity of the company signi? cantly determines LGSCM as an internal factor. Differing from the result of Zhu et al. (2008), the support of top managers has less in? uence on GSCM activities.These results are consistent with those of Jeppesen and Hansen (2004), which attributed the environmental improveme nt of Third World companies on the value chain to external market forces and the internal resources of the companies. Another meaningful ? nding of our analysis is that the internal factors are greatly mediating the in? uences of external pressures. Our analysis may provide essential policy implications for promoting the GSCM practices of companies in China. Many more concerns about a companys environmental performance from its external stakeholders will be facilitated, which may generate pressures for the companys efforts in GSCM practices. It is very necessary to educate companies to better understand the advantages and approaches of GSCM as an innovative strategy for sustainable production.The diffusion of successful cases would be an effective method, as it helps increase a companys capacity to actually adopt GSCM practices. As an empirical study of GSCM in China, this paper develops a comprehensive analytical framework and conducts an integrative analysis. Nevertheless, a few q uestions remain for subsequent studies. As examples, the working mechanism of determinant factors identi? ed for GSCM practices needs to be observed in more detail. The other important question is how to discuss the effects of GSCM activities, positive or negative, on the changes in performance of companies in the supply chain. Considering the feasibility, this kind of research may be conducted by means of case studies of individual representative companies.The evaluation indicators shall cover more aspects of GSCM activities, including business processes, client services and corresponding costs besides the environmental performances. References Baron RM, Kenny DA. 1986. The moderator? mediator variable distinction in social psychological research conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. diary of Personality and Social Psychology 51(6) 11731182. Carter CR, Ellram LM, Kathryn LM. 1998. Environmental purchasing benchmarking our German counterparts. International ledger of Purchasing and Materials Management 34(4) 2838. Carter CR, Kale R, Grimn CM. 2000. Environmental purchasing and ? rm performance an empirical investigation. 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Lifestyle Segmentation

Cryptographic segmentation Consumer Attitudes Behaviors Perceptions Interests Reasoning Pricing, Location of dealers, advertising wholly suggests that the car buying experience can be divided into demographics of lifestyle segmentation of the area. Jaguar, Lexus, Mercedes and BMW dealers tend to be located in areas where concourse care what they carry and savvy the nicer the car shows status. I live In Climate Falls. We have snow and they put rocks down when It snows.I have en two Mercedes since have lived here 7 years. People dont hold status In cars the way they do In Orange County. This Is a cow town. People use trucks. They haul things, they tow things. They frivol away deer in the road. When they have the dealer showcase at the Fairgrounds all of the nice diesel trucks are right up front, all shiny and polished. If you dont drive a truck, you drive some sort of more than economical family car, whether it be a minivan, or a sedan, or SUB. The billboards here in town all ha ve Trucks or Subs on them.You go to our parking circularise at work and almost half re trucks. There are no luxuriousness car dealers here in town. We have Ford, Honda, Toyota, Suburb, Jeep and Dodge. The trucks are very nice though and even have the newest features. You go to a parking lot In Southern California, and you find a myriad of sedans. They even hold opening parties at the Mercedes Benz dealers to showcase the newest cars. People omit more time in traffic in Southern California than they do here in Climate Falls. They want a cushy luxury car that they can spend that time. The parking spaces are smaller.They are more people, less(prenominal) room for big extensive trucks. People in Southern California are also more concerned with their looks and how other perceive each other. Their nice vehicle is a status symbol. (If you dont believe that, look at all the tanned skinny people at the beaches and tell me they arent into looks) Where I grew up in Southern California, we had all the luxury dealers within 15 miles. And the billboards? Those showed the latest and greatest luxury car. Even the less expensive cars such as the Haunted have modeled their cars to look like luxuryThis segmentation model has been successful for each group. I would Like to assign having a car is not a necessity, but in todays world it is in most places. People who and find a vehicle that will add up their lifestyle. Segmenting in this manner allows them to choose which cars to market in that area. I would market a Jaguar in Climate Falls, and I wouldnt market an 850 with a huge cow guard and diesel engine in Southern California. This allows them to also make sure their inventory backs the demand in the area.

Caribbean Literature 1900-1929 Essay

In the Caribbean, specifically Jamaica, during the year of 1900-1929 there were two poets whose work truly stood give away and made a statement. Those poets were Thomas Redcam (1870-1933) and Claude McKay (1878-1972). Thomas Redcam was a Jamaican poet who came from Irish ancestry. Throughout his demeanor he promoted Jamaican literature and was a notable poet. He was seen as helpful and encouragement to younger poets during that time period including Claude McKay. Both poets had such a get by for their country and made it clear in their poetrys. They come up to about the beauty of Jamaica, how through thick and thin Jamaica would always be their heart and home reach. The themes of nature, faith, and make do are very present within the six poems we read. In Thomas Redcams poem My Beautiful Home is where we first see the predominant themes of nature, faith, and cut. In this poem he speaks of Jamaica in such vivid terms, do mention of the land only using words such as beautiful. He also speaks of how the beauty of his homeland is the main reason he loves his land.He speaks of this love as being like none other, a love that is strong and rooted in heart and faith. He makes the idea clear that dismantle when not there his love leave alone always be there and living strong Whenever I wander, for thee my love is abiding and strong (Redcam, 45). This idea for love of country and nature continues in his next poem Olittle Green Island. Far Over the Sea In this poem he speaks of the position rule passim Jamaica and how it affects the people in one aspect hardly not at all in the other. Not once does he speak negatively about England but rather Redcam glorifies and praises their rule, For England is England, brave, patient, and true. (Redcam, 46) He speaks of how no matter who is ruling they are themselves and their love will always be for their own land Jamaica, But my little Green Island, far over the sea, At eve-tide Jamaica, my heart turns to thee. (Redca m, 46). Redcam makes it clear through his statement that living under the English rule does not change them but rather streng wherefores their love for their own homeland, Jamaica. Lastly but not least once over again the themes of love and nature continue in Redcams last poem, but the theme of faith also becomes present in Jamaicas Coronation Ode.Here more than in his other poems we let on the idea of love for the country and how our love along with the idea of a strong faith helps us stand true to our country. He speaks of the war and profound times the people of Jamaica went through during this time period and although he speaks of hardship not once does he mention the idea of negativity. He speaks of positive thoughts and how their love and faith in Jamaica will carry them through the war and as a matter of fact anything in life. He speaks positive thoughts of the moving off and the future to come after the war We are marching to conquer the Future, We are sons of Jamaica th e free, We are true to our King and our Country, We are heirs of the ages to be (Redcam, 47) . This quote is mentioned throughout the poem which really shows the true faith and how they truly believed they could conquer it all with their strong love for Jamaica. Although in this poem the idea of faith in love is more predominant Redcam still mentions the nature he always speaks so highly of.A few years after the poems of Redcam came those of Claude McKay. Claude McKay was a Jamaican- American poet who shake and guided by the work of Redcam. He was the author of four novels during the time of the Harlem Renaissances. During that time he also wrote short stories and poems, which he is noted for all slightly the world. McKay being under the guidance of Redcam had the same predominant themes in his poems which were that of nature, love, and faith. In McKays first poem My Native Home Land the theme of love is instantly noticeable. He speaks of his love and how he feels Jamaica has made him the man he is. He speaks of how through thick and thin he will stand by his country and defend her. Though you cas me from your breas An trample me to deaf My heart will trus you none de less, My land I wont forget (McKay, 64). McKay makes it clear that he will never lose his faith in Jamaica as well.In this poem Jamaica McKay believes that his country Jamaica is one that can do no wrong. Once again the ideas of nature, faith and love continue in his next poem Flame Heart but this time the idea of nature becomes the more predominant one. In this work Mckay speaks how he returns back to Jamaica. Throughout the poem he mentions aspects of nature in the land that he can not recall but then mentions the one part of the land he remembers so vividly. McKay speaks of poinsettia plants he remembers so well. He speaks of their beauty and color, I have forgotten much, but I still remember The poinsettias red, blood-red in warm December (McKay, 70). He speaks so vividly of this one aspe ct of nature and not only does he mention the beauty of it, he dives even deeper when mention of climate comes in.This statement about the poinsettia is mentioned a few times in the poem giving off a strong vibe and conviction. Everything to the speaker is a blur but through his blurs he is able to remember that red-blood poinsettia plant in warm December month. In his last poem I Shall Return McKay touches upon all three themes in such strong points. This poem speaks of someone who has left Jamaica but has intentions of returning. It speaks of how their love for their country has encouraged them to return, but also their faithfulness. It speaks of how they truly miss the nature and beauty of their homeland. The speaker believes that when they return they will save themselves pain.I shall return, I shall return again, to ease my mind of long, long years of pain (McKay, 71). Jamaica is their home and they feel it is where they belong no matter where life takes them. Their faith and love will always bring them back home. These 6 poems are the perfect example of the three themes mentioned. Not one of them speaks of negative thoughts of Jamaica but instead glorifies all its beauty and the faith and love the Jamaican people truly have for their land. Both poets have such strong and impacting words when harangue of their land and truly believe that there is no land like theirs. They speak from the heart and truly give their readers vivid ideas of what things were like. These poets are have left a good impact on not only the people of their homeland but of people around the world through their poems.Works CitedDonnell, Alison, and Sarah Lawson Welsh. Routledge referee in Caribbean Literature. London Routledge, 1996. Print.

Management Planning – the Boeing Company

Management Planning The Boeing Company Management Planning Boeing is an aerospace caller-up, a industryr of commercial jetliners and military aircraft. Boeing also plans and manufactures rotorcraft, electronic and disproof systems, missiles, satellites, launch vehicles and advanced information and communications systems (Boeing Company, 2010). The purpose of this paper is to evaluate management planning for the Boeing Company. The Boeing Companys agate line is conducted by its employees, managers and embodied officers light-emitting diode by the chief executive officer, with oversight from the Board of Directors.The Boards Governance, Organization and Nominating Committee periodically review the Companys corporate disposal principles and current practices (Boeing Company, 2010). Business planning at Boeing is persuaded by internal and external factors such as legal issues, ethics, and corporate social responsibility. Factors such as laws, frugal conditions, and competition i nfluence the companys strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning (Boeing Company, 2010). Legal Issues The planning process of the company can be problematical, at times, by legal issues, which can put the company in a bad position.In August of 2000, the Boeing Company settled two lawsuits that allege the Seattle-based manufacturer placed sorry gears in CH-47D Chinook helicopters and then sold the aircraft to the linked States Army the amount of the settlement was for $54 billion. Boeing used two subcontractors, Litton Precision Gear of Bedford Park, Illinois and SPECO Corporation of Springfield, Ohio to manufacture the flight-critical trans flush gears for the helicopter. One of the gears, manufactured by Litton, failed in flight, causing an Army Chinook helicopter to crash and burn while on a mission in Honduras in 1988. Five servicemen aboard were killed.Two of the gears manufactured by SPECO failed in flight in Chinook helicopters. One craft, which crashed in J anuary 1991 during Operation surrender Shield in Saudi Arabia, was totally destroyed. Two individuals aboard were injured. In another incident at Ft. Meade, Maryland in June 1993 during a training flight, a Chinook sustained over one-half million dollars in damage. The helicopters destroyed in Honduras and Saudi Arabia were valued at more than $10 million individually (U. S. discussion section of Justice, 2000). Boeing suffered a huge monetary lost in addition to the bad publicity and reputation that these defective gears.Boeing has learned from these mistakes and has implemented processes to analyze the setting checks for every subcontractor hired by the company. Ethics Boeings business plans cannot happen without right (Boeing, 2010). The Boeing Company has a strict ethics policy that was created to protect the company and its employees. All employees at Boeing are required to obey all the information given in the employee Code of Conduct enchiridion. Boeing has a hotline, whi ch employees can call to carry questions or report violations of policies.The Finance department has additional policies that must be followed for the accurate reporting of company financial records. It is essential for policies to be followed so the integrity of the company is not compromised. An example of bad ethics that influenced the company dramatically was when Boeing was in June of 2006. A legal issue involving an investigation over the improper learning of proprietary documents from a rival, the Lockheed Martin Corporation, which Boeing employees used to try to gain government rocket launching business (Leslie, 2006).In the end, Boeings financial chief was sentenced to four months in prison for ethics violations for offering a job to a former Air Force official and in the rocket launching case, Boeing was suspended for 20 months from Air Force rocket business. Boeing was estimated to have lost $1 billion in government contracts because of the suspension. Boeing chairman, W. James McNerney Jr. stated the company was already wretched forward with substantial efforts to strengthen the companys ethics and compliance. Because of poor ethics, Boeing lost over $1 billion dollars for the company (Leslie, 2006).Cooperate Social office Giving back to the community is a Boeing core value. The company and its employees work in partnership with communities globally (Boeing Company, 2010). Currently they are partnered with community organization in 26 states, 14 countries and 6 regions outside the U. S. Boeing employees have contributed more than $10 million through a company gift-matching program, and volunteered thousands of hours of personal service. Boeing employees gave an additional $31. 5 million through the Employees Community Fund, one of the largest employee-owned funds in the world (Boeing Company, 2010).Economic Conditions Current economic circumstances are deciding factors on how Boeing plans operationally, strategically and tactically. Since the U nited States severe economic downturn in the past couple of years, Boeing has suffered due to air ducts being in financial trouble. Business has reduced greatly and Boeing has forced nigh cancellations and deferrals of aircraft orders, but Boeing said it has other customers waiting in line for new, more cost-efficient planes. The recent economic downturn makes it clear that Boeing must retain tractability in controlling global manufacturing plans. (Ann, 2008) CompetitionCompetition is another reason why Boeing has to plan tactically and strategically. Airbus is Boeings biggest rival in the airline industry. Lockheed Martin is Boeings biggest competition in defense systems. In addition to conducting their own internal research and development, Boeing is collaborating with some of the best research agencies, universities, and companies around the world. In doing so, they are leverage technologies, to ensure Boeing stays ahead of the competition by providing the most innovative, and affordable aerospace solutions the world has to offer (Boeing Company, 2010).Government Regulations The Government plays a central role in aviation safety and has done so from the industrys earliest days (Boeing Company, 2010). The Air Commerce Act put the government in the business of establishing air routes developing air navigation systems licensing pilots, mechanics and aircraft and investigating accidents (Boeing Company, 2010). Government regulation has a direct impact on the production of new airplanes. When manufacturers design a new airplane they must obtain a type certificate from government regulators certifying that the design is airworthy (Boeing Company, 2010).The government also requires Certification of airline personnel and airport certificates (Boeing Company, 2010). Conclusion Several factors are implicated with business planning at Boeing, such as internal legal issues, government regulations, corporate social responsibility, economic conditions and ethics. The legal department at Boeing manages all aspects of planning in regards to ethics. Many organizations are sponsored by Boeing through its associations to assist them in their openhearted efforts.Corporate social responsibility is important because customers and potential clients assess businesses on the efforts the company makes to be socially responsible. The ethics in the code of conduct handbook created at Boeing are expected to be followed by every employee and subcontractor. Boeing needs to keep up with new technology and innovative ideas to be in the new wave and ahead of the competition due to current economic conditions. The airline industry is influence much by government regulations, such as, certificates, regulatory standards, and enforcing rules affect how dissolute an airplane can be made.The planning process at Boeing is an ever-changing process due to varying changes in their internal and external environment. Reference Ann, K. (2008). second Update Boeing 3Q Hurt by Machinists Strik Stock Down. Retrieved April 17, 2010, from http//www. smartmoney. com/news/ON/? stroy=ON-2008 1022 -000844-1245 Boeing Company. (2010). About Us. Retrieved April 17, 2010, from http//www. boeing. com/companyoffices/aboutus/ Boeing Company. (2010). Corporate Governance. Retrieved April 17, 2010, from http//www. boeing. com/corp_gov/ Boeing Company. (2010). Ethical Business Conduct Guidelines.Retrieved April 17, 2010, from http//www. boeing. com/companyoffices/aboutus/ethics/ethics_booklet. pdf Boeing Company. (2010). Governments voice in Aviation Safety. Retrieved April 17, 2010, from http//www. boeing. com/commercial/safety/government_role. html Leslie, W. (2006). Boeing Ethics Woes Take Toll on the Bottom Line. The New York Times. Retrieved April 17, 2010, from http//www. nytimes. com/2006/06/30/business/30boeing. html U. S. Department of Justice. (2000). Boeing to Pay U. S. For Selling Army Defective Helicopters. Retrieved April 17, 2010, from http//www. justice . gov/opa/pr/2000/August/450civ. htm

Prepare and Maintain Learning Environments

TDA 2. 12 1. 1 Health and Safety learning environments. The school has a strict policy that describes the needs of keeping children safe inwardly their learning environment. It is not only important that children are safe in school but also that they feel safe themselves this creates a genial mooring to work. It is important that children are safe when playing outdoors therefore the main front gate is kept locked when children are in the playground and only the teacher on duty holds a key. Safety indoor is manned by the site manager who performs some daily checks and some weekly checks on the non-homogeneous equipment.The site managers job is to ensure that the school building is free from hazards and obstructions as this will prevent children from having any unnecessary accidents. It is the teachers responsibility and our responsibility to make sure that the classroom is free from hazards as there are many risk of exposures that could occur. There is a general classroom risk assessment updated every month in order to avoid accidents. 1. 4 If using any safety equipment in my lessons, I would always ensure that this was properly set up and safe to use.I would test it myself by using the manufacturers guide, I would ask another member of staff if I still wasnt sure. 2. 4 As our school is eco-friendly, we have many different recycling screw ups in progress. One of these is paper recycling where any waste paper including mistaken printing/photocopying can be reused. Another recycling operation we have is food waste, excess food from the school canteen and result cores and skins from the children is all put into a separate bin. Other recycling includes bottles, plastic and general waste. 3. 2The physical environment is constantly practiced as it is an on-going unconscious process indoors school. Maintenance of health and safety of the children is taken care of in many ways i. e. a child/ a group of children are neer left on their own, gates are always locked around the school and children cannot open front door or back doors without the help of an adult. Only members false staff are able to enter the building using the thumb print security system. Areas are always made to ensure that children and adults are comfortable in their learning/working environment.In the winter, central heating is on and in the summer windows can be opened to let in angelic air. Spare raincoats and willies are provided for children (and adults) without during outdoor learning. Most discomforts that a child may complain about can be sorted using the equipment and staff in the school. On-going activities will have been pre-planned and therefore the best space to do the activity in will have already been allocated by the class teacher or whoever has prepared the activity. For example P. E. ctivities would be best done outside as there is plenty of room (and fresh air) however if it is raining the sports sessions would then be done in the hall. The area th e activity takes place in would also depend on the size of the class or group taking part. The children within the group would also need to be taken into consideration, for example are there any children that have disabilities which would hinder their performance if they were taken outside. Also dodge/deaf children, the activities in the area would be adapted to ensure ease for everyone.

Patient X Essay

Patient Xs doctor has been trying to convince him to practice better lifestyle habits to for several(prenominal) years to help combat his high blood pressure (on antihypertensive medication for 3 years), diabetes (6 years) and growing waistline. A recent routine check-up revealed a deterioration of his lipid indite (TC 260, TG 310, HDL 29, LDL 170) and fasting glucose of 172. Patient X is 55 years old, weighs 245 lbs and he is 510 .1) Hypertension Weight control to lower the risks associated with hypertension include a aliment low in sodium and high in green. The risk of hypertension is lower when salt intake is lower and potassium helps reduce blood pressure by increasing the amount of sodium excreted in the urine. The DASH eating plan is the best option for maintaining hypertension. Physical action at law is also a major lifestyle modification that should be adopted. Engaging in regular aerobic physical act such as a brisk walk will lower the risk of hypertension.Diabetes A d iet to help control diabetes also focuses on weight management. Low glycemic index diets befool been shown to reduce complications associated with diabetes. Exercise is also a key factor to controlling diabetes. A 3-5 days of the week exercise, which focuses on caloric expenditure and duration kind of than intensity, has been proven to increase insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. *Exercise can reduce other risk factors such as weight control, lipid profile, and hypertension.Lipid Profile magisterial triglycerides atomic number 18 best treated with increased physical activity and weight reduction. Aerobic exercise, weight reduction, smoking cessation, and moderate alcohol consumption will favourably affect HDL-C and lower LDL-C.After comparing these three aspects, it is easy to see that a diet focused on weight management, smoking cessation, and physical activity involving aerobic exercise will greatly lower Patient Xs risk factors for hypertension and diabetes.2) Suggest ing that Patient X begin the DASH diet would be the first place to start. The DASH diet includes an easy-to-use chart which helps plan menus. It also includes items that people generally like to eat, just in less moderation and with more fruit and vegetables. To help Patient X quit smoking, there are prescriptions or over the counter patches that will allow cessation. There are also therapy groups that Patient X could try if addiction proved to be too great. Exercising with someone, a friend or significant other is unceasingly easier than exercising alone. I would suggest that Patient X find an exercise buddy and possibly start a gym membership. If they feel this isnt the effective choice for them, then even walking around their block for 30 minutes allows some form of aerobic exercise in their life.After 6 months I would expect to see a lower blood pressure if Patient X had indeed been participating in physical activity. Improvement in blood pressure among hypertensive, takes eff ect within the first few weeks. I would also expect to see major improvement in total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides if the prim diet was maintained. I would also expect to see an increased insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. A drop in BMI will also be indicated.