Migration Skills Assessment Booklet

MIGRATION SKILLS ASSESSMENT fOR REcOGNITION Of pERSONS INTENdING TO AppLy fOR SKILLEd MIGRATION TO AuSTRALIA wIThIN ThE ENGINEERING pROfESSION July 2012 www. engineersaustralia. org. au Migration Skills Assessment Education and Assessment Engineers Australia, 11 National Circuit BARTON ACT 2600 AUSTRALIA  © Copyright Engineers Australia, 2012 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from Engineers Australia.Requests and inquiries concerning the reproduction and rights should be addressed to the Director Education and Assessment, Engineers Australia, 11 National Circuit Barton ACT 2600 cONTENTS CONTENTS SECTION A Introduction and Background Introduction 1. Assessment for Migration Purposes 2. Occupational Categories in Engineering 3. Pathways to Recognition 4. English Language Requirements 5. Certification of Copies of Documents 6. Steps in the Assessment Applicatio n Process 7. Application Forms 8. The Assessment Process 9.Appealing the Assessment Outcome SECTION B Assessment of Recognised Qualifications 1. Australian Qualifications 2. Washington Accord 3. Sydney Accord SECTION C Assessment of Non-Recognised Qualifications 1. Introduction 2. Steps in preparing a CDR 3. Components of the CDR Summary Statements Professional Engineer Engineering Technologist Engineering Associate Engineering Manager SECTION D Additional Assessment Services 1. Introduction 2. Applicability of additional services 3. Identification of higher level engineering qualifications 4. Work Experience SECTION E Checklists, Fee Payment and Dispatch 1.Checklists 27 28 2. Fee Payment and Dispatch APPENDIX Detailed Description of Competency Elements for each Occupational Category Professional Engineer Engineering Technologist Engineering Associate Engineering Manager ANZSCO occupations designated to Engineers Australia 32 37 42 46 48 24 24 24 25 18 19 20 21 14 14 14 10 10 11 4 4 5 5 5 6 7 7 7 1 2 SEcTION A Introduction and Background 3 SEcTION A Introduction This booklet has been developed by Engineers Australia to assist you in preparing your submission for an engineering qualifications assessment.This section provides you with an introduction to the assessment of qualifications in engineering for migration purposes. You should read this booklet carefully before proceeding to the Application Forms. Professional Engineer Academic qualification is an Australian four year Bachelor of Engineering degree following twelve years of schooling, or equivalent. The Professional Engineer: †¢ Focusesonoverallsystems †¢ Developsandappliesnewengineeringpractices †¢ Appliesleadership&managementskills †¢ Pursuesengineeringopportunitiesinanholisticway,taking environmental,community&socialissuesintoaccount †¢ Solvesdiverseproblems.Engineering Technologist Academic qualification is an Australian three year Bachelor of Engineering Technology degree fo llowing twelve years of schooling, or equivalent. The Engineering Technologist: †¢ Focusesoninteractionswithinthesystem †¢ Modifiesandadaptsestablishedengineeringpractices †¢ Advancesengineeringtechnology. Engineering Associate Academic qualification is an Australian two year Advanced Diploma of engineering following twelve years of schooling, or equivalent. The Engineering Associate: †¢ Focusesonspecificelementsofthesystem †¢Workswithincodesandappliesestablished practices and procedures. Engineering Manager An engineering or engineering-related academic qualification must be held – normally at Bachelor degree level or higher. Engineering Manager: †¢ is a high level position involving the formulation of engineering strategies, policies and plans and the direction, administration and review of engineering operations for an organization †¢ musthavearecordofseniormanagementovera period of three years or more.Letters of reference and organisatio nal charts must be provided †¢ musthavepersonsreportingtohim/herwhoare also at a management level. Applicants should note that this occupation is not an engineering occupation, but rather belongs to the Managers and Administrators’ category. Consequently, a positive outcome will not allow automatic membership of Engineers Australia. Further details on the general role descriptions for each occupational category are presented in the Appendix. 1. Assessment for Migration Purposes Engineers Australia is the designated assessing authority for most engineering occupations.You should first check the ‘Skilled Occupation Lists (SOL)’ to determine that your skilled occupation is listed as being assessable by Engineers Australia, as there are some engineering occupations which are assessed elsewhere. The reference SOL documents, which list occupations and contact details of the designated assessing authorities, are available from the DIAC website www. immi. gov. au/sk illed/sol/. Applicants seeking assessment for migration purposes should first get a copy of the latest ‘General Skilled Migration Booklet (6) – Form 1119’ from the Department of Immigration and Citizenship (DIAC) (www. mmi. gov. au). This booklet will help applicants understand the requirements for General Skilled Migration to Australia. Alternatively, the ‘Employer Sponsored Migration Booklet (5) – form 1131’ may be relevant. Applicants should refer to the Australian Skills Recognition Information (ASRI) site at www. immi. gov. au/asri. This site helps you to find out how to get an assessment of your occupational qualifications and skills. It also contains information on state specific registration and licensing requirements.Applicants should also refer to the Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (ANZSCO) at www. abs. gov. au. This reference provides the definition, skill level and tasks involved in a particular o ccupation. 2. Occupational Categories in Engineering Engineers Australia recognises three occupational categories within the engineering team in Australia: †¢ ProfessionalEngineer †¢ EngineeringTechnologist †¢ EngineeringAssociate For migration purposes, an additional category of Engineering Manager is also recognised.Shown below is a description of the pre-requisite engineering qualifications and the workplace role for each occupational category. 4 SEcTION A 3. Pathways to Recognition There are two pathways to recognition of your qualifications: a) through recognised (accredited) Engineering Qualifications b) through a Competency Demonstration Report (CDR) for non-recognised qualifications. The pathways to recognition are shown schematically below: Read Information on website www. engineersaustralia. org. au download relevant Application formA TRF received before receipt of assessment application is stored alphabetically and matched to the personal file when assessme nt commences. Details of locations where IELTS assessments are conducted may be found on the IELTS website www. ielts. org. The following applicants may be exempt from the requirement to provide an IELTS assessment result: †¢ ApplicantswhoarenativeEnglishspeakers; †¢ ApplicantswhohavecompletedanAustralian undergraduateengineeringqualification; †¢ Applicantswhohavecompleteda2yearMasters degree or PhD program at an Australian university.For the above exemption, documentary evidence is required of successful completion of the Australian degree program. Please note that the above IELTS exemptions are determined on a case by case basis and Engineers Australia reserves the right to require an IELTS assessment result if it is deemed necessary. a) Accredited Qualifications b) Non-Recognised Qualifications Australian Qualifications all three levels washington Accord For Professional Engineers Sydney Accord For Engineering Technologists competency demonstration Report (cdR) 5. Certification of Copies of Documents Accreditation check Re-Submit es No yes No You must provide certified true copies of your original degree/diploma testamur (certificate) and any other subsequent engineering qualifications together with their associated academic transcripts (list of subjects studied and results obtained). Do not send the course syllabus. Certified copies are to be produced direct from the original documents, which the Certifier must sight. An original document is usually different from a photocopy or other reproduction. An original may often contain an official logo, seal, stamp or watermark, or may include a handwritten signature.Please note that colour scanned emailed or facsimile copies are not accepted. The certified copies bearing the Certifier's actual signature must be sent as hardcopy by post (or courier). Where documents are not in the English language, you must provide certified copies of both the original-language document and an English language trans lation which has been made from the original document. All translations must be carried out by an authorised translator. In general translators are not authorised to certify copies of original documents.The signature, name, status and contact details of the translator must be provided on the English language version. If your current name is not the same as that on your degree documents, you must provide evidence of your name change. All submitted documents which are copies of original documents must be certified. Many applications for a skills assessment are delayed because documents are not properly certified. The assessors will contact you by letter or e-mail if there are any omissions in regard to certification. Please make sure your e-mail and contact addresses are up to date.Outcome Outcome Refer to Sections B and C for instructions associated with each pathway. The assessment is primarily focused on the basic tertiary (post secondary) engineering qualification. Any application for assessment of a postgraduate qualification must have an underpinning undergraduate qualification. 4. English Language Requirements All applicants applying to have their skills assessed by Engineers Australia are required to provide evidence of their English language competency. Applicants are required to have achieved a minimum score of 6. in each of the four modules of speaking, listening, reading and writing in either the ‘General Training' or ‘Academic' version of the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) www. ielts. org. Please Note You must arrange for an original IELTS Test Report Form (TRF) to be sent to Engineers Australia directly from the Test Centre. Certified copies are not acceptable. Use the address on the application form – see also page 25. For an IELTS Test Report Form to be valid, it must not be more than 2 years old at the date of receipt of the assessment application in this office. SEcTION A Applicants should note the foll owing points concerning certification of documents: 1. Certified copies of previously certified copies will not be accepted. You must provide a properly certified copy of the ORIGINAL document. 2. Proper certification should appear on each page to be certified, and should show: (a) (b) the signature of the person certifying the document and the date of signing the name of the person certifying the document. This should be clearly printed or evident in the official stamp the contact details of the person certifying the document.This MUST be provided and may be a business address, telephone number or e-mail address, and where possible, an official stamp indicating the status of the person certifying the document, ie. Justice of the Peace, Commissioner for Oaths, Notary Public a statement â€Å"I certify this to be an identical copy of the original document, which I have sighted†, or similar wording Where the name, status and contact details are in a foreign language, an English language translation of these three details needs to be provided. . Steps in the Assessment Application Process This section of the booklet assists you in the preparation and submission of your assessment applications. If you are lodging a Washington Accord, a Sydney Accord, or an Australian Engineering Qualification assessment application, then full details of what to send us are on the relevant application form. Go to Section B for details on preparing an application for assessment of a recognised qualification.Compilation of a Competency Demonstration Report (CDR) If you have non-recognised qualifications, you will need to submit a Competency Demonstration Report (CDR). Section C of this booklet provides you with guidelines for a description of your personal engineering practice and an identification of your engineering competencies. The Competency Demonstration Report or CDR is the substantial component of your application which provides the basis for Engineers Australiaâ€℠¢s assessment of your competencies.Apart from your engineering qualification, the success of your application will depend on your career episodes and your demonstration of the relevant set of competency elements. You should follow the guidelines in Section C carefully when compiling your CDR. Additional assessment services If you require an opinion on a higher level qualification (eg PhD), or your relevant skilled employment for the purpose of claiming points from DIAC, then go to Section D for application details.Note that the standard assessment will include an opinion on the comparable AQF Australian qualification level used in support of the assess outcome. This will enable the relevant points for such to be claimed from DIAC. Checklist of documentation and dispatch Section E of this booklet provides you with checklists of the required material, fees and dispatch address. The current assessment fee is also specified on the relevant application form. (c) (d) (e) (f) 3.The followi ng classes of persons acting within their relevant jurisdiction in the country of certification are authorised to certify copies of documents: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ AnauthorisedNotaryPublic AnauthorisedCommissionerfor Oaths/Declarations AnauthorisedLawyer,Solicitor,BarristerorJudge AnauthorisedJusticeofthePeace AnofficerofanAustralianDiplomaticPost AcurrentfinancialmemberoftheEngineers Australia other than at the grade of student (membership number must be shown) AstaffmemberofEngineersAustralia †¢ 4. If you employ the services of a legal firm, the solicitor must sign each page.It will not be satisfactory for the name of the law firm to appear in lieu of the actual name and signature of the solicitor certifying your documents. Collective responsibility implied in the use of â€Å"we†, accompanied by the name of the law firm, is not acceptable. 5. Documents are to be certified either in the country of lodgment or in the country of award Please No te Assessment of your application will not proceed if you submit copies of documents where the class of person certifying the copy is not one of those listed above or where the requirements stated above are not complied with. SEcTION A 7. Application Forms Each assessment pathway has its own application form. Make sure you download and complete the application form for the pathway you have selected. Application forms may be downloaded from the website www. engineersaustralia. org. au/migration_skills When applying for a CDR assessment, you should specify the occupational category and field of engineering for which you are seeking an occupational outcome. You may wish to refer to the Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (ANZSCO) dictionary on www. abs. gov. u for the definition of the occupations. Use of an Agent If you have appointed a person to act as your agent you must complete the authorisation form, which may be downloaded from the website (www. eng ineersaustralia. org. au/ migration_skills) under ‘Migration Skills Assessment’. If you are appointing an Agent, a hard-copy version of this form, complete with your original signature, must accompany your assessment application. If you employ an agent, Engineers Australia will communicate only with your agent regarding your assessment. You cannot independently contact Engineers Australia.If you do so you will be referred to your agent. 9. Appealing the Assessment Outcome If you are not satisfied with the assessment outcome you should first contact your case officer and discuss your concerns. The case officer may refer your case to the Associate Director – Migration Skills Assessment for consideration. †¢ ARevieworAppealcanonlybemadewithin 12 months of the date of the original assessment outcome letter †¢ Ifyouhavealreadyusedtheassessmentoutcomeletter for Migration purposes, then the assessment process is regarded as finished and no Appeal can be made.T here are two stages to an appeal: Preliminary (Informal) Review On receipt of request for a preliminary review, the Manager will refer your file to another assessor for an assessment which is independent of the first. Preliminary Reviews are done at no charge. You will be advised of the outcome by the Manager. If you are still not satisfied with the outcome you may go to a formal Appeal. Formal Appeal To lodge a formal appeal you must submit the form â€Å"Application for Formal Appeal of Assessment Outcome†, downloadable from www. engineersaustralia. rg. au/ migration_skills You may include reasons as to why you believe the outcome is not appropriate in your case. You cannot however present any new information/evidence. If you wish to add new material to your submission you must make a new application. You must include the Appeal Fee of AUD$200. This fee is refundable if you receive the outcome you are seeking. It is not refundable if the outcome remains as originally assess ed. All documents on your file will be photocopied and forwarded to an external Committee of engineers for re-assessment.Under Australian Privacy Legislation your permission will be required to forward copies of documents to the Committee. When requesting an Appeal, your signature will denote your consent to dissemination of the file documents. Appeals take about three months to process. The outcome of an Appeal is FINAL. 8. The Assessment Process When your application arrives, a receipt will be posted to you within 5 to 7 working days. The receipt will specify your Contact ID (CID) number. Please use this number in correspondence with Engineers Australia. Assessment turnaround time can vary and regular updates are to be found at ww. engineersaustralia. org. au/migration_ skills Please do not telephone Engineers Australia within this timeframe as this will cause delays to processing. If there are any deficiencies in your submission you will be notified in writing. If the application is successful you will receive an assessment outcome letter suitable for migration purposes. Please note that the assessment outcome letter has no expiry date from Engineers Australia’s perspective. Assessment outcome letters are sent by ordinary post. If you wish to use a courier you must organise that yourself.Please advise Engineers Australia if you intend to use a courier and you will be advised by e-mail when the letter is available for pick-up. Please Note Only one original letter of recognition will be issued. Provision of an additional letter will require a Statutory Declaration explaining the reason for the additional letter together with an administration fee of AUD$100. 10. Fraud Applications will be rejected where there is evidence of fraud, plagiarism or forged documents. We refer applicants to the Engineers Australia Code of Ethics, in particular the demonstration of integrity, available on the website www. engineersaustralia. rg. au 7 8 SEcTION B Assessment of Recognised Qualifications 9 SEcTION B Accredited Qualifications These are accredited Australian engineering qualifications and overseas engineering qualifications that are recognised through formal agreements with engineering accreditation bodies in other countries. These qualifications are readily recognisable through database listings of accredited programs. For overseas qualifications there are two pathways †¢ onedealswithundergraduateProfessional Engineering programs. This is known as the Washington Accord. †¢ andtheotherdealswithEngineering Technologist programs. This is known as the Sydney Accord.In general, all references to ‘qualifications' refer to the undergraduate engineering qualification. However, please note that there are some Australian Masters qualifications that are now being accredited. Please Note For all recognized (accredited) qualifications the occupational classification generally given to you will be according to the engineering discipline s pecified in the program title and/or as reflected in the academic content. If you wish to seek an engineering occupational classification other than the one specified in your qualifications, or have your work experience taken into consideration, you will need to submit a CDR.Application forms for these pathways are available from the Engineers Australia website www. engineersaustralia. org. au/migration_skills 2. Washington Accord The Washington Accord (www. washingtonaccord. org) is an agreement between the engineering accreditation bodies, listed below, to recognise as equivalent the undergraduate professional engineering programs of study which are accredited and delivered in those countries. The following countries are full members of the Washington Accord. While Australia is a signatory country it is not listed here.If you have Australian engineering qualifications you must apply using the Australian Qualifications application form. Some other countries are currently seeking fu ll membership of the Washington Accord. Please refer to www. washingtonaccord. org. Provisional membership does not give entitlement to apply under the Washington Accord. Full membership only provides this entitlement. Canada (1989) Ireland (1989) New Zealand (1989) The Canadian Accreditation Board of the Canadian Council of Professional Engineers www. engineerscanada. ca The Institution of Engineers of Ireland www. iei. e The Institution of Professional Engineers, New Zealand www. ipenz. org. nz United Kingdom The Engineering Council of the UK www. engc. org. uk (1989) (see dual degree accreditation note) United States of America (1989) The Engineering Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology www. abet. org 1. Australian Qualifications If you have Australian undergraduate engineering qualifications at the Professional Engineer, Engineering Technologist or Engineering Associate level you should initially apply using the Australian Qualificat ions Application Form.Please note that ONLY accredited Australian qualifications are eligible under this pathway. If your undergraduate engineering qualification is from overseas, and unless your postgraduate (Masters) qualification is FULLY accredited, you cannot apply using this pathway. Persons who hold Australian engineering qualifications at the Trade or Technician level must not apply to Engineers Australia for assessment. Details of the relevant assessing authority for these occupations can be found in the Skilled Occupation Listing (SOL) available from the Department of Immigration and Citizenship www. mmi. gov. au. If your Australian engineering qualification has not yet been awarded you may provide a certified copy of the official academic transcript in lieu of a copy of the actual degree. The transcript must specify that the program of study has been completed and you are eligible to graduate. If the academic transcript does not specify completion you must provide an orig inal letter of completion (not a copy) signed by the Academic Registrar (not someone acting on his/her behalf). Hong Kong SAR The Hong Kong Institution of Engineers www. hkie. org. k (1995) South Africa (1999) Japan (2005) Singapore (2006) South Korea (2007) Taiwan (2007) Malaysia (2009) Turkey (2011) Russia (2012) The Engineering Council of South Africa www. ecsa. co. za Japan Accreditation Board for Engineering Education www. jabee. org The Institution of Engineers Singapore www. ies. org. sg Accreditation Board for Engineering Education for Korea www. abeek. or. kr Institute of Engineering Education Taiwan www. ieet. org. tw Board of Engineers Malaysia www. bem. org. my Association of Evaluation and Accreditation of Engineering Programs www. udek. org. tr Association for Engineering Education of Russia www. ac-raee. ru Please Note The Washington Accord only applies to undergraduate professional engineering degrees accredited and delivered in the signatory countries. The Accord do es not apply to: If you have been given part exemption from an Australian †¢ Qualificationsatloweracademiclevelsor qualification on the basis of recognition of prior learning †¢ Postgraduatequalificationsinengineering. (RPL) at another institution, you will need to provide 10 evidence of that prior learning. SEcTION BYou should first check that your qualification is listed as an accredited Professional Engineering program with the relevant body before applying. Washington Accord accreditation applies for degrees completed on or after the year (shown in brackets) for full signatory status. If you consider your qualifications fall under the Washington Accord you should complete the Washington Accord application form and provide the required documentation and assessment fee. Your qualifications will be checked with the relevant Washington Accord accreditation body.If your qualification is not listed as accredited under the Washington Accord, you will be invited to submit a Co mpetency Demonstration Report (CDR). Please Note Applicants with accredited qualifications from signatory countries where the official language is not English will be required to submit a satisfactory IELTS assessment result. Please Note The Sydney Accord only applies to undergraduate engineering technologist qualifications accredited and delivered in the signatory countries. The Accord does not apply to: †¢ Qualificationsatloweracademiclevelsor †¢ Postgraduatequalificationsinengineering.You should first check that your qualification is listed as an accredited Engineering Technologist program with the relevant body before applying. Sydney Accord accreditation applies for degrees completed on or after the year (shown in brackets) for full signatory status. If you consider your qualifications fall under the Sydney Accord you should complete the Sydney Accord application form and provide the required documentation and assessment fee. Your qualifications will be checked with t he relevant Sydney Accord accreditation body.If your qualification is not listed as accredited under the Sydney Accord, you will be invited to submit a Competency Demonstration Report (CDR). Please Note Applicants with accredited qualifications from signatory countries where the official language is not English will be required to submit a satisfactory IELTS assessment result. 3. Sydney Accord The Sydney Accord is an agreement between the engineering accreditation bodies, listed below, to recognise as equivalent the Engineering Technologist programs of study which are accredited and delivered in those countries.The following countries are full members of the Sydney Accord. While Australia is a signatory country it is not listed here. If you have Australian qualifications you must apply using the Australian qualifications application form. Canada (2001) The Canadian Council of Technicians and Technologists www. cctt. ca Hong Kong SAR The Hong Kong Institution of Engineers (2001) www. hkie. org. hk Ireland (2001) New Zealand (2001) South Africa (2001) The Institution of Engineers of Ireland www. iei. ie The Institution of Professional Engineers, New Zealand www. ipenz. org. nz The Engineering Council of South Africa www. csa. co. za United Kingdom The Engineering Council of the UK (2001) www. engc. org. uk (see dual degree accreditation note) United States of America (2009) The Engineering Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology www. abet. org Provisional membership does not give entitlement to apply under the Sydney Accord. Full membership only provides this entitlement. 11 12 Section c Assessment of Non-Recognised Qualifications 13 SEcTION c 1. Introduction This section deals with the compilation of a Competency Demonstration Report (CDR) describing your engineering practice.The purpose of the CDR is to demonstrate: †¢ howyouhaveappliedyourengineeringknowledgeand skills; †¢ thatsuchapplicationmeetsthecompete ncystandards of the relevant occupational category in Australia. You should be aware that the CDR must be all your own work. You must carefully follow the instructions provided in preparing your CDR. You should realise that you are entering into a final assessment. The major assessable features of the CDR are your narratives written in English of three career episodes and a Summary Statement of the competency elements you have claimed.You should, where possible, type your CDR using a word processor and remember to keep a copy. The CDR must not be bound but presented in loose leaf A4 format. Your CDR will be assessed against the competency standards of the occupational category specified by you. Engineers Australia will not assess your competencies against an occupational category higher than the one you have specified, but may consider assessment against a lower occupational category if you are assessed as not suitable for your nominated category.Please Note A submitted CDR which is incomplete when submitted or which does not meet the stated requirements will not be assessed. All submitted material becomes the property of Engineers Australia. Applicants must make copies of all documents sent to Engineers Australia. Applicants who request copies of their submitted documents will be charged a AUD$100 administration fee. Do not present documents in a bound format as they must be dismantled for filing. 2. Steps in preparing a CDR:The flow chart below shows the steps you need to take in preparing your CDR: Complete Application Form Assemble certified copies of academic testamur(s) and associated academic transcript(s) Prepare Curriculum Vitae Identify Continuing Professional Development Write three Career Episodes Prepare a Summary Statement of evidence for the competency elements Instruct IElTS Test Entre to post an original TRF to EA Submit all specified documentation to Engineers Australia for assessment 3. Components of the CDR: You must first complete the CDR Application Form. This is available from www. engineersaustralia. org. au/ migration_skills 3. Declaration Page Your Competency Demonstration Report must include the following declaration (shown below). Declaration: The following declaration must be signed and presented as part of your CDR submission: ‘All statements of fact in this report are true and correct and I have made claims of acquired competencies in good faith. The report is all my own work and is a true representation of my personal competence in written English. I confirm that I understand that members of the engineering team in Australia are required to display a commitment to exercising professional and ethical responsibility in all aspects of their work.I also understand that documentation submitted in support of my application may be referred to the Department of Immigration and Citizenship (DIAC) for integrity checking. ’ Printed Name: Signature: Date: This Declaration Form is on page 3 of the CDR Appl ication Form, which may be downloaded from the Engineers Australia website www. engineersaustralia. org. au/ migration_skills 14 SEcTION c 3. 2 Certified copies of qualifications and academic record(s) Certified copies of the testamur (degree certificate) and transcript are mandatory documents.Many applications for a skills assessment are delayed because documents are not properly certified. See item 5 of Section A for full details of the certification requirements. Documents not properly certified will not be accepted, and your application for assessment will not proceed. Evidence must be provided of any postgraduate qualification completion, or at least enrolment if qualification not completed. This is especially important if material from such study is used in one or more career episode. 3. Curriculum Vitae (CV) or Resume Engineers Australia requires a full summary of your education and engineering work history to gain a full perspective of your engineering workplace practice. Yo ur CV must be a complete record of your activities and must not contain significant periods where no activity is recorded. For each workplace provide: †¢ organisationnameandlocationincludingcontact details where possible †¢ datesanddurationofemployment †¢ titleofpositionoccupiedbyyou †¢ yourdefinedrole(provideadutyorappointment statement where available) and/or a brief description of your activities Your CV should be no more than three A4 pages.The CV is to be a chronological listing of employment, not projects. 3. 4 Evidence of Employment If in your CV/Resume you claim engineering work experience of 12 months or more, then you must provide documentary evidence (originals or certified copies) of employment and certified translations into English where necessary. Thedocumentaryevidenceistoinclude;company letterhead (including name and location details), date of document, name and status of author, dates and duration of employment, title of position occupied and a brief description of duties/tasks/responsibilities.If a career episode is based upon engineering work, then you must provide documentary evidence of employment, as above. This instruction applies to the standard assessment service only. Go to Section D for further instructions on the additional assessment service for the identification of periods of skilled employment. 3. 5 Identification of Continuing Professional Development Continuing Professional Development (CPD) is the means by which you keep up-to-date with developments in your field of engineering after you have gained your undergraduate qualification. A brief summary of CPD you have undertaken must be included in your CDR.This CPD must take the form of a listing (title, date, duration, venue) of: †¢ formalpost-graduatestudy; †¢ conferencesatwhichyouhavedeliveredpapersor attended. †¢ shortcourses,workshops,seminarsanddiscussion groups, conferences, technical inspections and technicalmeetingsyouhaveattended; â € ¢ preparationandpresentationofmaterialforcourses, conferences, seminars and symposia †¢ servicetotheengineeringprofession(volunteerwork, board or committee volunteer, mentoring, etc) †¢ privatestudy(includesbooks,journals,transactions, manuals, etc) Your CPD listing need be no more than one A4 page. There is no necessity to include certificates from each course. . 6 International English Language Test Result All applicants applying to have their skills assessed by Engineers Australia are required to provide evidence of their English language competency. See item 4 of Section A for full details of the English competency requirements. 3. 7 Writing your three career episodes You are required to present an account of your engineering activities on each of three separate career episodes. A career episode is a documented component of your engineering education and/or work experience which captures a particular period or distinct aspect of your engineering activity.It needs t o clearly demonstrate the application of engineering knowledge and skills in the nominated occupation, not the acquisition of knowledge. It may use material from: †¢ anengineeringtaskundertakenaspartofyour educationalprogram; †¢ aprojectyouhaveworkedonorarecurrently workingon; †¢ aspecificpositionthatyouoccupiedorcurrently occupy (in this case, the career episode must comprise morethanameredutystatement); †¢ aparticularengineeringproblemthatyouwererequired to solve. Each career episode must be in your own words and must be written in English. 5 SEcTION c Do not present large amounts of technical material. It is recommended that each narrative be a minimum of about 1000 words and a maximum of about 2000 words. The career episode, being written in your own words, will also provide evidence to the assessor of your communication skills. Please Note Career Episodes must be written in the first person singular clearly indicating your own personal role in the work descr ibed. Remember, it is what ‘I did’, not what ‘we did’ or what ‘I was involved in. Each career episode must clearly demonstrate the application of engineering knowledge and skills in the engineering discipline for which the applicant seeks recognition. That is, state â€Å"what you did† and describe â€Å"how you did it†, with emphasis on your own personal actions, eg â€Å"I designed†¦ â€Å", â€Å"I investigated†¦ â€Å". Excessive technical detail (diagrams, photos, calculations, tables) are not required. Each career episode should emphasise any engineering problems identified and any particular problem solving techniques used by you.The purpose of this is to assess the nature of the contribution which you may have made to the engineering project or task – particularly if that contribution was of a novel nature or critical to the implementation of the task/project. Please note that it is not sufficient to merely d escribe work in which you were involved. Your own role in the work must be clearly described by you, and be identifiable in the assessment. You must number each paragraph in each of your career episodes. Thefollowingsystemisrecommended; Career episode 1 (paragraphs 1. 1, 1. 2, 1. 3 etc) Career episode 2 (paragraphs 2. , 2. 2, 2. 3 etc) Career episode 3 (paragraphs 3. 1, 3. 2, 3. 3 etc) This is necessary to construct the Summary Statement. Each career episode should follow the format shown below: a) Introduction (approx. 50 words) This introduces the reader to the career episode and should include such things as: †¢ thechronology-thedatesanddurationofthiscareer episode; †¢ thegeographicallocationwheretheexperiencewas gained; †¢ thenameoftheorganisation; †¢ thetitleofthepositionoccupiedbyyou. b) Background (200 – 500 words) This sets the scene and provides the context in which you were studying/working.It should include such things as: †¢ thenatureofthe overallengineeringproject; †¢ theobjectivesoftheproject; †¢ thenatureofyourparticularworkarea; †¢ achartoftheorganisationalstructurehighlighting yourposition,inrelationtothecareerepisode; †¢ astatementofyourduties(provideanofficialduty statement where available). c) Personal Engineering Activity (500 – 1000 words) This is the body of the narrative and the key assessable component. In this section you must describe in detail the actual work performed by you. It is not sufficient to describe the activity performed by a team or group – your own role must be clearly identified.Remember it is your own personal engineering competencies that are being assessed. This section should include such things as: †¢ howyouappliedyourengineeringknowledgeandskills; †¢ thetasksdelegatedtoyouandhowyouwentabout accomplishingthem; †¢ anyparticulartechnicaldifficulties/problemsyou encounteredandhowyousolvedthem; †¢ strategiesdevisedbyyouincludinganyori ginalor creativedesignwork; †¢ howyouworkedwithotherteammembers. d) Summary (50 – 100 words) This section sums up your impressions of the engineering activity and your role in it.It should include such things as: †¢ yourviewoftheoverallproject; †¢ howtheprojectfaredinmeetingthegoals/requirements; †¢ howyourpersonalrolecontributedtotheproject. 3. 8 Preparation of the Summary Statement Complete the three career episodes, then analyse them for the presence of ALL of the competency elements for the occupational category you have chosen. The elements for each occupational category are listed in the following pages. The Appendix gives a detailed description of each competency element for each category. 16 SEcTION cThe results of your analysis are to be reported in the form of a Summary Statement of competency elements claimed. The Summary Statement cross-references the relevant set of competency elements with the particular paragraph in your Career Episode where each element occurs. To do this, you will need to number the paragraphs in your career episodes. The process is represented schematically below: 1. Career Episode 2. Career Episode 3. Career Episode Summary Statement of competency elements claimed by you indicating how and where appliedYou must download and complete the appropriate summary statement for your nominated occupational category. The summary statement templates are available at www. engineersaustralia. org. au/migration_skills These are guides only. Do not attempt to restrict your Summary Statement to one page only. Applicants may prepare their own summary table, but must include the complete set of competency elements for their nominated engineering category. Please note, one Summary Statement only is to be provided covering all three career episodes combined. 17 PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER Summary Statement These are the competency Units and Elements.These elements must be addressed in the Summary Statement (see Section C). If you are applying for assessment as a Professional Engineer, you will need to download this page, complete it and lodge it with your application. For details, refer to the Appendix, Pages 33-36. Competency Element PE1 KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL BASE A brief summary of how you have applied the element Paragraph in the career episode(s) where the element is addressed PE1. 1 Comprehensive, theory based understanding of the underpinning natural and physical sciences and the engineering fundamentals applicable to the engineering discipline.PE1. 2 Conceptual understanding of the mathematics, numerical analysis, statistics, and computer and information sciences which underpin the engineering discipline. PE1. 3 In-depth understanding of specialist bodies of knowledge within the engineering discipline. PE1. 4 Discernment of knowledge development and research directions within the engineering discipline. PE1. 5 Knowledge of contextual factors impacting the engineering discipline. PE1. 6 Understand ing of the scope, principles, norms, accountabilities and bounds of contemporary engineering practice in the specific discipline.PE2 ENGINEERING APPLICATION ABILITY PE2. 1 Application of established engineering methods to complex engineering problem solving. PE2. 2 Fluent application of engineering techniques, tools and resources. PE2. 3 Application of systematic engineering synthesis and design processes. PE2. 4 Application of systematic approaches to the conduct and management of engineering projects. PE3 PROFESSIONAL AND PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES PE3. 1 Ethical conduct and professional accountability. PE3. 2 Effective oral and written communication in professional and lay domains. PE3. Creative, innovative and pro-active demeanour. PE3. 4 Professional use and management of information. PE3. 5 Orderly management of self, and professional conduct. PE3. 6 Effective team membership and team leadership. 18 ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIST Summary Statement These are the competency Units and Element s. These elements must be addressed in the Summary Statement (see Section C). If you are applying for assessment as an Engineering Technologist, you will need to download this page, complete it, and lodge it with your application. For details, refer to the Appendix, Pages 38-41.Competency Element ET1 KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL BASE A brief summary of how you have applied the element Paragraph in the career episode(s) where the element is addressed ET1. 1 Systematic, theory based understanding of the underpinning natural and physical sciences and the engineering fundamentals applicable to the technology domain. ET1. 2 Conceptual understanding of the, mathematics, numerical analysis, statistics, and computer and information sciences which underpin the technology domain. ET1. 3 In-depth understanding of specialist bodies of knowledge within the technology domain. ET1. Discernment of knowledge development within the technology domain. ET1. 5 Knowledge of contextual factors impacting the techno logy domain. ET1. 6 Understanding of the scope, principles, norms, accountabilities and bounds of contemporary engineering practice in the technology domain. ET2 ENGINEERING APPLICATION ABILITY ET2. 1 Application of established engineering methods to broadly-defined problem solving within the technology domain. ET2. 2 Application of engineering techniques, tools and resources within the technology domain. ET2. 3 Application of systematic synthesis and design processes within the technology domain.ET2. 4 Application of systematic approaches to the conduct and management of projects within the technology domain. ET3 PROFESSIONAL AND PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES ET3. 1 Ethical conduct and professional accountability. ET3. 2 Effective oral and written communication in professional and lay domains. ET3. 3 Creative, innovative and pro-active demeanour. ET3. 4 Professional use and management of information. ET3. 5 Orderly management of self, and professional conduct. ET3. 6 Effective team membershi p and team leadership. 19 ENGINEERING ASSOCIATE Summary Statement These are the competency Units and Elements.These elements must be addressed in the Summary Statement (see Section C). If you are applying for assessment as an Engineering Associate, you will need to download this page, complete it, and lodge it with your application. For details, refer to the Appendix, Pages 43-45. Competency Element EA1 KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL BASE A brief summary of how you have applied the element Paragraph in the career episode(s) where the element is addressed EA1. 1 Descriptive, formula-based understanding of the underpinning natural and physical sciences and the engineering fundamentals applicable to the practice area.EA1. 2 Procedural-level understanding of the mathematics, numerical analysis, statistics, and computer and information sciences which underpin the practice area. EA1. 3 In-depth practical knowledge and skills within specialist sub-disciplines of the practice area. EA1. 4 Discernment of engineering developments within the practice area. EA1. 5 Knowledge of contextual factors impacting the practice area. EA1. 6 Understanding of the scope, principles, norms, accountabilities and bounds of contemporary engineering practice in the area of practice. EA2 ENGINEERING APPLICATION ABILITYEA2. 1 Application of established technical and practical methods to the solution of well-defined engineering problems. EA2. 2 Application of technical and practical techniques, tools and resources to well-defined engineering problems. EA2. 3 Application of systematic design processes to well-defined engineering problems. EA2. 4 Application of systematic project management processes. EA3 PROFESSIONAL AND PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES EA3. 1 Ethical conduct and professional accountability. EA3. 2 Effective oral and written communication in professional and lay domains.EA3. 3 Creative, innovative and pro-active demeanour. EA3. 4 Professional use and management of information. EA3. 5 Orderly manageme nt of self, and professional conduct. EA3. 6 Effective team membership and team leadership. 20 ENGINEERING MANAGER Summary Statement These are the competency Elements. These elements must be addressed in the Summary Statement (see Section C). If you are applying for assessment as an Engineering Manager, you will need to download this page, complete it, and lodge it with your application. For details, refer to the Appendix, Page 47.Competency Element EM1. 1 Contributes to engineering business strategies EM1. 2 Develops client relationships EM1. 3 Manages the implementation of engineering plans within the business EM1. 4 Manages resources EM1. 5 Manages people EM1. 6 Manages suppliers EM1. 7 Manages business information EM1. 8 Monitors engineering business performance A brief summary of how you have applied the element Paragraph in the career episode(s) where the element is addressed 21 22 Section d Additional Assessment Services 23 SEcTION d Additional Assessment ServicesIdentificati on of: – Relevant Engineering Qualifications; and / or – Relevant Skilled Employment for the purpose of claiming migration points 2. Applicability of additional services It should be noted that not all clients will require these additional assessing services. Such services are anticipated to be ONLY of interest to the following clients: †¢ thosewhoholdahigher-levelqualificationthanmaybe strictlynecessarytoprovidethenominatedoutcome; and / or †¢ thosewhohaveatleast1yearAustralianwork experience, and / or at least 3 years Overseas work experience in their nominated occupation or a closelyrelated occupation.Either or both of these services may be applied for if the client wishes to claim the DIAC points. 1. Introduction As part of the introduction of the New Points Test for certain skilled migration visas on 1 July 2011, DIAC has advised applicants that they may request an opinion from their relevant assessing authority in two areas: †¢ identificationofhigh esteducationalqualification, relevant to the nominated occupation †¢ identificationofrelevantworkexperienceofatleast 20hrs/week, both overseas and in Australia See http://www. immi. gov. au/skilled/general-skilledmigration/pdf/points-test. df Generally, the higher the level of qualification and the longer the period of relevant work experience, the greater the number of points claimable under the points test. Engineers Australia can offer opinions in the two areas above, as necessary, on receipt of an application for the additional services (with evidence) over and above the standard assessment. It should be noted that – from 1 July 2011 – the standard assessment WILL INCLUDE an opinion on the comparable relevant Australian level qualification to the client’s overseas qualification used in support of the assessed outcome.However, where a client holds an engineering PhD degree for example, which may not necessarily need to be considered in the assessment pro cess to provide the nominated outcome, then this additional assessing service may be employed to identify the overseas PhD as comparable to an Australian PhD. Please Note Engineers Australia does NOT issue the points for migration. This will be done by the DIAC case officer at the time of their review of the overall migration application, subsequent to assessment. 3.Identification of higher level engineering qualifications The standard assessment WILL INCLUDE an opinion on the comparable relevant Australian level qualification to the client’s overseas qualification used in support of the assessed outcome. However, where a client holds a PhD degree for example, which may not necessarily need to be considered in the assessment process to provide the nominated outcome, then this additional assessing service may be employed to identify the overseas PhD as comparable to an Australian PhD.Applicants who require this service will need to provide: †¢ acompletedapplicationform,wi threlevantfee payment †¢ properly-certifiedcopiesofalloriginalacademic documentation (testamurs and transcripts, as applicable) which shows that the client unconditionally holds the qualification claimed †¢ alistingofdoctoralexaminersanddetails †¢ alistingofpublicationsmadeduringandafterthe doctoral program †¢ thesisabstract. 4. Skilled EmploymentDIAC will award points to applicants based on demonstration of a verifiable skilled employment history undertaken in the last 10 years, in Australia or overseas. For the necessary assessment by Engineers Australia, the experience MUST be in an applicant’s nominated engineering occupation, or a closely related occupation. In determining whether an applicant’s skilled employment is closely related to their nominated occupation, the assessment by Engineers Australia will take into consideration the occupations within one unit group 4 SEcTION d classified under the ANZSCO Classification of Occupations. Engineer s Australia has been authorised by DIAC to provide an opinion about an applicant’s skilled employment claims as part of the skills assessment. However, the decision to award points for skilled employment remains with the DIAC case officer, who may also need to review claims of relevant employment gained subsequent to the formal assessment.For applicants seeking an opinion about their skilled employment claims (as above) from Engineers Australia, submitted work experience documentation must: †¢ beanoriginaldocument,oracertifiedtruecopyofthe original in accordance with the MSA Booklet, Section A,Item5; †¢ bewrittenontheofficialletterheadofthecompany,or governmentdepartment,providingthedocumentation; †¢ indicateclearlythefulladdressofthecompanyand any telephone, fax numbers, email and website addresses; †¢ bedated; †¢ includethenameandpositionofthepersonendorsing the employment document †¦ these should be typed or stamped below that person's signatu re – a reference with an illegible signature will not be accepted: †¢ includethedirectcontactnumberandofficialemail addressofthepersonendorsingthedocument; †¢ indicate: – the main five (5) duties undertaken, – the job title or positions held (positions should not be described by generic titles (eg, Engineer) but according to the nature of the duties undertaken (eg, Assistant Project Engineer – Civil), – the exact period of employment (start and finish date, including day/month/year), – whether full or part-time (including hours/week). For periods of self-employment, the following certified copies or original documents may be acceptable: – commissions that are signed by each of the clients foreachproject; – proof of formal Registration (including duration) as an engineerinthehomecountry; -receiptsissuedforprojects; – third party confirmation of the period of selfemployment, the position held and the individual d uties performed. Only those documents meeting the above requirements will be considered in the provision of formal written advice by Engineers Australia. No further correspondence will be entered into in addressing shortcomings in the submitted documentation.In addition to the above independent confirmation of the claims made, applicants who require this service will need to provide: †¢ acompletedapplicationform,withrelevantfee payment †¢ acompeted'SkilledEmploymentRecord'ofthework experience being claimed in support of the opinion requested from Engineers Australia. The ‘Skilled Employment Record' template is available on www. engineersaustralia. org. au/migration_skills 25 Skilled Employment Record Family or Surname: Given Names: Employer / Company Name Street Address Contact Details Documents include 5 main duties Yes / No Years / Months CID Number Hours/week Total Duration For Engineers Australia Use Only Start Date End Date Job Title Tel / fax / emailSkilled Emp loyment Record to be downloaded and completed as part of the additional assessment service: 26 Note: Please ensure that all columns are completed for each period of employment relevant to your nominated occupation. SEcTION d Employment for which incomplete information is provided will not be considered. Section E checklists, fee payment and dispatch 27 SEcTION E 1. Checklists Before you dispatch your application you should use one of the following checklists to ensure that you have completed all the necessary steps and provided all the required documents. Assemble your submission by placing documents in the order shown below. Please do not bind your documents.Checklist 1: for Washington/Sydney Accord and Australian Engineering Qualifications Assessment Applications Completed Application Form, with passport-style photo Application fee Form to appoint person to act as agent [if necessary] Certified true copy of passport bio-data page only (not the complete passport), and English langu age translation (if not in English) [Where this is not available, a copy of your Birth Certificate and/or National Identify Card may be acceptable in lieu] Certified true copy of name change document [If necessary] Original English language test (IELTS) result [necessary only if application is based on a qualification from a signatory country where the official language is not English]. You must arrange for this to be forwarded directly to Engineers Australia from theTest Centre Certified true copy of academic testamur Certified true copies of academic transcripts Curriculum Vitae (CV) / Resume English language translations of above, where applicable Checklist 2: for Competency Demonstration Report (CDR) Assessment Applications Completed Application Form, with passport-style photo Application fee Form to appoint person to act as agent [if necessary] Certified true copy of passport bio-data page only (not the complete passport), and English language translation (if not in English) [W here this is not available, a copy of your Birth Certificate and/or National Identify Card may be acceptable in lieu] Certified true copy of name change document [If necessary] Original English language test (IELTS) result [if necessary]. You must arrange for this to be forwarded directly to Engineers Australia from the Test Centre. Curriculum Vitae (CV) / Resume Certified true copy of academic testamur(s) Certified true copies of academic transcript(s) Certified evidence of registration under the relevant licensing authority in the country in which you are practising [if necessary] e. g.Philippine Regulations Commission Certified documentary evidence of employment [must be provided if you have relevant work experience of 12 months or more, or if the work experience provides a basis of a career episode(s)] A listing of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) CDR Declaration Page Three Career Episodes Summary Statement of evidence for the competency elements English language transl ations of above, where applicable 28 SEcTION E 2. Fee Payment and Dispatch The assessment fee as specified on the Application Form must accompany your submission. The assessment fee is not refundable and may be subject to change without notice. Goods and Service Tax (GST) †¢ ApplicantswhoarelivinginAustraliaMUSTpay10% GST on the application fee †¢ Applicantslivingoverseas,wholodgetheirapplication from overseas, are NOT required to pay the GST †¢ Applicants living overseas, who lodge an application for assessment through an agent in Australia (Migration Agent, relative or friend living in Australia) are NOT required to pay the GST.Assessment Fees Assessment fees are listed below for each type of application: Australian qualifications AUD$150 or $165 incl. GST Washington Accord Sydney Accord AUD$300 or $330 incl. GST AUD$300 or $330 incl. GST For payment made within Australia, the following methods of payment are acceptable: †¢ Abankchequeorapersonalcheque †¢ AnAustralianmoneyorder †¢ Acreditcardauthorisationasabove Your completed Application Form, submission, and assessment fee should be sent direct to: Migration Skills Assessment Education and Assessment Engineers Australia 11 National Circuit BARTON ACT 2600 AUSTRALIA Please Note Assessment Turnaround Time: The turnaround time for processing assessments can vary, depending on numbers of incoming applications.For guidance on current turnaround time, we refer to www. engineersaustralia. org. au/migration_skills Please DO NOT contact Engineers Australia within this time frame as delays will be caused to the processing time for all applications. Competency Demonstration Report AUD$600 or $660 incl. GST Additional Services (when applied for at the time of above standard assessment): Skilled Employment Overseas PhD AUD$250 or $275 incl. GST AUD$200 or $220 incl. GST Note that extra fees are applicable for the additional services if carried out AFTER the Standard Assessment has been iss ued. In this case, please refer to the Admin Fee payment form for the applicable fees.The following methods of payment are acceptable: †¢ Aninternationalbankdraftorchequemadeoutto ‘Engineers Australia’ in Australian dollars drawn on an Australian office of a bank operating in Australia †¢ Aninternationalmoneyordermadeoutto‘Engineers Australia’ in Australian dollars †¢ AcreditcardauthorisationonyourVisa,Mastercard or American Express card Please Note A cheque/remittance drawn in a currency other than Australian dollars or drawn in Australian currency on a bank outside Australia is not acceptable. 29 30 Appendix detailed description of competency Elements for each Occupational category 31 AppENdIx PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ROLE Professional Engineers are required to take responsibility for engineering projects and programs in the most far-reaching sense.This includes the reliable functioning of all materials, components, sub- systems andtechnologiesused;theirintegrationtoforma complete,sustainableandself-consistentsystem;and all interactions between the technical system and the context within which it functions. The latter includes understanding the requirements of clients, wide rangingstakeholdersandofsocietyasawhole; working to optimise social, environmental and economic outcomes over the full lifetime of the engineering product orprogram;interactingeffectivelywithotherdisciplines, professionsandpeople;andensuringthattheengineering contribution is properly integrated into the totality of the undertaking.Professional Engineers are responsible for interpreting technological possibilities to society, businessandgovernment;andforensuringasfaras possible that policy decisions are properly informed by such possibilities and consequences, and that costs, risks and limitations are properly understood as the desirable outcomes. Professional Engineers are responsible for bringing knowledge to bear from multiple sources to develop solutions to complex problems and issues, for ensuring that technical and non-technical considerations are properly integrated, and for managing risk as well as sustainability issues. While the outcomes of engineering have physical forms, the work of Professional Engineers is predominantly intellectual in nature. In a technical sense, Professional Engineers are primarily concerned with the advancement of technologies and with the development of new

Life Princibles

Chris Murray box 75 Dr. Gilbert Parker BIBL 3111 25 November 2012 Life Principles to live by from the book of Romans In the book of Romans Paul gives us some really helpful tips on how we should live our Christian life. Our relationship with Him and how we treat others. Here are some of the life principles that I would like to follow in my life. The first one and perhaps the most important is I want to live a life that is in obedience to the Lord. I want to have the power and privilege that obedience to the Lord offers.Paul wrote in Romans 8:7-9 â€Å"for the mind that is set on the flesh is hostile to God, for it does not submit to God’s law; indeed, it cannot. Those who are in the flesh cannot please God. You however are not in the flesh, but in the spirit, if in fact the spirit of God dwells in you. Anyone who does not have the spirit of Christ does not belong to him. † In our culture we are very big in having control over everything. I want to be in control of my li fe, the master of my fate, and the captain of my ship. But the true power comes when I can hand over that power to God.In order for me to be truly obedient I need to first be able to submit my will to God’s will, having the ability to admit when I do not know what is best for myself. Once I have admitted that I do not know what is best for me I then need to trust God because he does know what is best. Through that trust in Him I then should be obedient to what he tells me to do. If I am obedient to God then my mind will not be on the things of the flesh and I can have the â€Å"spirit of Christ† and belong to him. Another principle that I find important is not to pass judgment on someone else, especially when concerning the grey areas of life.Romans 14:4 â€Å"who are you to pass judgment on the servant of another? It is before his own master that he stands or falls. And he will be upheld, for the Lord will be able to make him stand. † I need to be careful not t o condemn my brothers and sisters in Christ when they do things that I might think is wrong, especially if it is a grey area. One example of this is that I have many Christian friends who drink alcohol, I personally do not believe as a Christian we should drink. I really have to try harder to not judge them and just understand that God is in control.The next principle goes along with the last one. This one states that I cannot cause my brother and sister in the Lord to stumble. Romans 14:13 States â€Å"Therefore let us not pass judgment on one another, but rather decide never to put a stumbling block or hindrance in the way of a brother. † Some things that I consider ok in these grey areas might not be ok to some of my friends. I need to be more aware of their spiritual state so I don’t temp them to sin. Then in vs15 Paul wrote â€Å"for if your brother is grieved by what you eat, you are no longer walking in love.By what you eat, do not destroy the one for whom Chri st died. † If I am doing something that is causing my brother to be grieved I need to stop for his sake. An example of this is that I find no problem listening to some secular music, but I have a friend that will only listen to praise and worship music. His belief is that listening to secular music takes you away from the Lord. I need to honor that when I am around him and only listen to praise and worship music. My next life principle is Loyalty. Romans 12:10 states â€Å"Love one another with brotherly affection.Outdo one another in showing honor. † Loyalty is a word that we do not here in our fast paced, self-centered, impatient world. Loyalty is about giving time and energy to another person over the long haul. It’s about being committed to someone even when those tuff times come. I need to be loyal to God, my wife, and my children. I made a commitment to follow God and I need to honor that fully. I also made a commitment to my wife to love her through good t imes and bad times, and to be loyal only to her. I do not take my loyalty vow that I made to my wife on our wedding day lightly.But I also realize that if I am not loyal to God there is no way that I would be able to be loyal to my wife. Generosity is also such an important life principle found in Romans. In Romans 12:13 Paul writes â€Å"contribute to the needs of the saints† This means that I need to give abundantly. There are a lot of needs in the body of Christ; some of them are money, time, energy, compassion, wisdom, friendship, and prayer. I need to be more willing to share more than just money with the saints, for me that is the easy thing to do. To share my time or friendship would mean that I would have to make myself vulnerable.At the end of Romans 12:13 Paul wrote â€Å"practice hospitality. This is a principle that I fall really short on. Having a wife and five children I get so busy in life that I do not visit people like I should, like people from my church in the hospital. I don’t open my home like I should. There were times that we had teens coming to our church for a conference, I have a big house and I could have put some of them up, but I didn’t. Having friends over is like squeezing them in it probably makes them feel unwanted. We can’t live by ourselves, we need one other.Hospitality provides a welcome space for our busy lives to relax in one another’s company. Empathy is another life principle that I would like to be better at. Romans 12:15 states â€Å"Rejoice with those that rejoice, weep with those that weep. † We live in a very self-centered world and I am consumed by my own problems, or totally involved with my own happiness. Whether good or bad my thoughts are on me. As a Christian I need to be different, my thoughts need to be focused on other people. Just as Jesus focused his thoughts on me, he empathized with me, so I need to empathize with others.I have to do a better job at putting my self in other people’s shoes. Ask myself if I was in that situation how that would make me feel. My next life principle comes from Romans 13:1-5 â€Å"let every person be subjected to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been institutes by God. Therefore whoever resists the authorities resists what God has appointed, and those who resist will incur judgment. For rulers are not a terror to good, but too bad. Would you have no fear of the one who is in authority? Then do what is good, and you will receive his approval.For he is God’s servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for he does not bare the sword in vain. For he is the servant of God, an avenger who carries out God’s wrath on the wrongdoer. Therefore one must be in subjection, not only to avoid God’s wrath but also for the sake of conscience. † When Paul uses the word power he is referring to earthly governments. I am to submit to every legitimate earthly authority without bitterness. I should be able to do this because we know that God is working all things together for our good if we trust him.This sounds so easy written on this page, but for me this is a real struggle. I find it hard to want to listen to people who have no clue who God really is and how He would want things done. I need lots of help with this principle. In Romans 12:14 Paul writes â€Å"Bless those who persecute you; bless and do not curse them. † This might be the hardest principle of them all. What God is telling me through Paul is that no matter how bad someone might hurt me I need to continue to bless them. As much as my flesh rises up in me I should not be provoked to anger, or cursing.When Paul used the word cursing I believe that he was denoting destruction, so when someone says something to hurt my feelings I have two choices, choice one I can curse them, wish destruction on them. Or the better response that I hop e to master one day is I could bless them, pray that God would bless them. The last principle is found in Romans 12:1-2. Paul wrote â€Å"I appeal to you therefore, brothers, by the mercies of God, to present your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and acceptable to God, which is your spiritual worship.Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewal of your mind, that by testing you may discern what is the will of God, what is good and acceptable, and perfect. † I would read this verse every day when I was first saved, this was my prayer that God would transform my drug addicted life, my pornography addicted life, and that my new life in Him would be acceptable. There are a few lessons that I have learned from these two verses. The first one is that presenting my body as a living sacrifice has to be voluntary; if it is not voluntary that is not a true offering.Second I need to offer my entire being to God not just me eyes, or ears, but everything that I a m must be offered to God. Third his mercy towards me should be the motivating factor that makes me want to devote me life to Him. And last it needs to be done now! I cannot delay on this issue. This is something that I need to do every morning. The book of Romans is such a powerful book full of directions on how to life a Christian life. My life principles that I wrote about are so important in my walk with God. I pray that one day I would be able to follow these more than I do today.

Famine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Famine - Essay Example Social, economic, and political forces are more likely to be the driving forces behind widespread starvation than drought, floods, or natural disasters. In addition, the effects of famine, even for a short period, may be irreversible in children who are malnourished during their developmental years. This paper will examine the causes that create and perpetuate famine as well as the short and long-term effects on individuals and the larger social structure. It will conclude by offering some recommendations on minimizing the severity and effects of famine. This report will reveal the man-made reasons for the mis-distribution of food around the planet and the lasting health effects it has on the children of today and the adults of tomorrow. There are varying degrees and severities of hunger and famine that confront the people of the world. Often there are temporary and transitory conditions, such as the weather, that cause a short-term period of under-nutrition. However, in some parts of the world the problem is more severe. During the next year, as many as 6 million preschool children will die of acute starvation (Pinstrup-Anderson & Cheng, 2007). Many more children will feel the greatest long-term health effects of severe malnutrition. While the problem can be found worldwide, including the developed countries of Europe and North America, it is predominantly an issue for Africa and some parts of Asia. Almost all those affected are the rural poor who have lost social and economic access to food.Almost universally, at the core of starvation are poverty and the inability to acquire the most basic nutritional needs. External events such as draught, floods, and natural disasters contribute to famine, but are not the drivi ng cause. Scrimshaw (1987, p.6) noted that the widespread famine in Ethiopia during 1984 and 1985 was due to the poverty that arose from "primitive cultivation methods, as archaic land tenure system, overgrazing, exploitation of peasant farmers, lack of transport systems, and heavy bureaucracies". There was not a systemic shortage of food, but there was no economic means to acquire it and no motivation on the part of the social system to provide it. As the economic condition worsens, people sell off assets such as animals and land and are left destitute (Swift, 2006, p.45). In Bangladesh during the 1972-1975 famine, there was a wide availability of international aid that flowed into the country. However, the rural poor in Bangladesh during this period were denied even the basics due to a lack of political clout and the irregular distribution of the food supplies to the more wealthy, rather than those who did not have the money for even the barest minimum of rations (Dowlah, 2006, p. 349). In the midst of an ample food supply, abject poverty will still prevent the poorest population segments from obtaining the necessary food. While poverty is a generic factor that is almost universally at the core of famine, there are many other factors that contribute to the poverty, or exploit the poverty situation. The tragic famine that gripped Bangladesh in 1972 was made worse by a nine month long guerrilla war that devastated the existing economy. According to Dowlah (2006, p.346), "War dislocations, along with critical shortages of agricultural ingredients - seeds, fertilizer, and irrigation - prevented the proper planting of crops". The self-imposed militant isolation of North Korea

Student as a Product Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Student as a Product - Assignment Example There are also a number of responsibilities attached to it. These include among others, target marketing to augment the company’s sales function and management and delivery of market research. The job also requires its holder to investigate and regularly distribute competitor intelligence and research. The basic pay attached to this position is $60,000 - $80,000 per year on a full-time employment basis (BAE Systems Detica, p.1). According to the government, defense and security companies are a formidable avenue of personal and national growth. As a certified security provider, BAE Systems Detica is at the forefront of intelligence security. National security has been of major concern since 9/11, making the intelligence security industry a thriving and integrated sector of the economy. Regulatory and demographic trends within the industry entail among others government streamlining of the intelligence security sector through regulations (Farese, Kimbrell, and Woloszyk, p. 497). Furthermore, the current demographics show the incident of national insecurity as lower than previous years; this means that more attention can be paid to augmenting the current intelligence systems to offer robust services in the future. Competitors for this job have a great understanding of the financial services regulatory environment, as well as experience of working alongside third party suppliers who are predominant in the industry. The industry is not very competitive as few companies offer such comprehensive intelligence solutions. With regard to my SWOT analysis, my major strengths are proficiency in written and verbal English, as well as fluent communication of French. In addition, I am a self starter and innately motivated person always willing to further my knowledge scope. Major weakness is my inability to adjust to new environments quickly. I can enhance my strengths by enrolling in training programs to augment my knowledge of the intelligence industry. Minimizing my weaknesses will entail forming cordial relations with those in my new environment. The biggest competitive advantage I have is my adeptness in computer systems and knowledge of advanced computer programming. The external environment offers immense opportunities such as training programs on financial, regulatory systems of the world, in addition to other languages, for example, German and Spanish, which are essential in the intelligence industry. The environment also poses the threat of competition. It is highly probable that there are other job applicants better qualified than me (Karnes and Stephens, p. 178). Upon graduation, my personal objectives shall include improving my skills through continuous training to horn my knowledge of pertinent matters, as well as augmenting my interrelation skills and team spirit, which are essential in everyday life and the work environment, by engaging in community service such as peer education. Professionally, I endeavor to employ my competencie s and capabilities effectively, while at the same time coordinating my efforts with other team members. As a product, in order to meet the needs of the employer, I need to be adept in both written and verbal communication and have good presentation skills. Correspondingly, I have immense

European Union Law Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

European Union Law Coursework - Essay Example The latter had been storing several chemical substances, including some of the chemical substances that had been specified in the Directive. In March 2007 Simon was hospitalized for mercury poisoning after eating vegetables from his garden. Mercury had been specified in the Directive. Investigations revealed that this mercury had leaked into Simon's garden from the adjacent Otis Chemicals' warehouse. Directives are the devices through which the European Council implements laws in the Member States of the European Union. Directives harmonise national laws with the European Union laws. The legal systems of the Member States are influenced significantly by the European Community, which governs the interests and rights of the Member States through its own organisations. There exists a unique and sovereign legal system that binds each Member State. This system was developed by means of the several Treaties, which created the EC legislation. One of the main pillars of the EU is the European Court of Justice or the ECJ. The ECJ had interpreted the nature and effect of Treaties, which is known as the doctrine of direct effect. It is a concept which enables aggrieved individuals to seek redressal in national courts if a Member State fails to implement the provision of a directive. The ECJ developed the notion of direct effect. Under this concept, individuals and organisations can use the provisions of the EC Law in a domestic court without having to wait for the Member State to satisfy an obligation which the Member State failed to execute. According to the ECJ, certain requirements have to be fulfilled for the provision of EC Law to gain Direct Effect. According to the notion of direct effect individuals can invoke community law to fulfil the required ratification for enforcement in their national courts. In other words, it empowers individuals to have a control similar to Article 226 EC, which bestows authority on the Commission to initiate proceedings against Member States for breaches. Direct effect permits each and every citizen of the Union to participate in the activities of the Union and it has brought the community into their lives. The legal aspects of direct effect have been established in Van Gend En Loos. The ECJ had held in this case that any individual of the Union can invoke Article 25 EC in order to restrict Member States that imposed additional customs duty on imports and exports and other charges that have equal effects. The Court also held that Article 25 EC was directly effective and individuals could challenge it in their national courts. The Court further held in its decision that individuals may have these rights conferred upon them directly under the provision of the various EU Treaties (Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen). In Pubblico Ministerio v Tullio Ratti, criminal proceedings had been initiated, under the national law, against the applicant for the alleged infringement of Italian legislation, which was very stringent in the matter of packing solvents. Ratti resorted to the community directive's direct effect as his defence and the outcome was that a preliminary reference was made to the European Court of Justice. The ECJ placed an estoppel argument with the objective of directly enforcing the directive (Pubblico Ministero v. Tullio Ratti ). The ECJ held that if a directive had

Where Men Win Glory by Jon Krakauer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Where Men Win Glory by Jon Krakauer - Essay Example According to the author, Tillman was an ambitious, driven and complex individual who decided to enlist in the US Armed forces despite his lucrative May 2002 $3.6 million NFL contract offer. The September 11 terror attack on the US influenced this decision. While serving on his second tour in Afghanistan, Tillman died while trying to save members of his platoon. Initially, army officials informed his family that his death occurred during crossfire between the platoon and enemy combatants. This information was soon negated by investigations done after the army revealed that a ranger within the Tillman’s platoon shot him. Through Tillman’s story, Krakaeur hoped to shed light on real, behind the scenes experiences of men and war. The public viewed Tillman as a national hero for his selfless decision to enlist in spite of his lucrative contract. Tillman was at the peak of his American Football career when he joined the army. The Cardinals team had offered him a $ 3.6 million, three-year contract, an offer that would cater for all his financial needs and keep him out of harm’s way. On the contrary, enlisting into the army would result in adverse physiological and psychological consequences. The US was recovering from the September 11 terrorist attack, which exposed weaknesses in the country’s counterintelligence mechanisms and sparked a full-fledged war against countries in the Middle East. Choosing to enlist during this time meant that Tillman would be in the frontlines fighting for his life sooner compared to those who enlisted during peaceful times. The country’s former President George W. Bush capitalized on Tillman’s decision to join the army. He used Tillman as a poster-boy to encourage other citizens to enlist and serve their country. Even in death, Tillman proved that he was a national hero. He died in the line of duty in spite of the marred

Summarizing an Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Summarizing an Article - Essay Example Three different research questions were taken into consideration. In the first hypothesis, the authors made an assumption that the acceptance from partner was due to different reasons and had an association with some elements either positive or negative; Either the fact relates positively with the effectiveness of the participants weight management communication or secondly the participant’s satisfaction is positively associated with their conversations regarding weight management. In another assumption a negative association was predicted with the participant’s conflict regarding weight management. While the second last and last assumption had a positive relationship with the participant’s healthy eating habits and their amount of exercise (Dailey, Romo and Thompson). In the second hypothesis the challenge from partner was considered (1) to have a positive relationship with the effectiveness of participant’s weight management communication, (2) to be posi tively associated with participant’s satisfactions regarding conversations on weight management, (3) to have a negative relationship with participant’s conflict regarding management of weight, (4) to be positively associated with healthy eating habits of participants, and (5) to have a positive association with the amount of exercise participants perform (Dailey, Romo and Thompson). ... agement conflict, (4) healthy eating habits, and (5) duration of exercise in a way that it should illustrate the relationship between one element and its results which will rise with raised levels of second element (Dailey, Romo and Thompson). All the three hypothesis assumed three different questions however, all three were aligned with each other. B- Methodology / Approach / Sampling: For this research methodology the researchers have adopted the quantitative method. The researchers have selected a normative sample of 200 adults. The sample was adequately divided into 50% males and 50% females. The 100 couples were selected through proper recruitment approach in a Southwestern area of United States. The recruitment was done through proper advertisements in websites, and through flyers at gyms, coffee shops, and local health clubs. Questionnaires were given to the couples and a duration of 60 – 65 minutes were given to them to complete the survey. The data was collected throu gh conversations between the couples regarding health and weight management. The data gathered through the conversations were assessed through a measure adapted from Hecht. However, 7- points Likert scale was also used to assess the elements of research. There are two controlled variables used in the research by the researchers; how often the partners have had conversations regarding weight management and to what extent they wanted to stay healthy and how significant was health to them (Dailey, Romo and Thompson). C- Results / Findings: The results obtained were tested through APIM. The method was used to answer the degree of interdependence between partners in couples regarding weight management. However, multi-level modeling was also used to assess the results. However, MLM were significantly

Information technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Information technology - Essay Example In hiring employees into an organization, the human resource department sets out a number of recruitment criteria. The employees hired in an organization are therefore determined to be the best for performing the specific roles. One key recruitment criteria of recruitment demanded by every human resource manager is relative knowledge relevant to the operations of the department. This is normally sought in the form of a college or university degree. However, after recruitment into the organization employees require effective orientation that is later followed by the requirement of on job training and the provision for continuous development. On job training and opportunities for development once in the company take the form periodic seminars and provision for study leaves. Such programs serve a number of functions in the realization of the organization’s objectives. Such programs motivate employees a factor that if implemented effectively results in highly motivated employees who in turn are very productive. Such opportunities make employees feel valued and acknowledged by their employer, they thus revamp their morale by increasing their out put level. Additionally, such programs retain employee relevance while at the organization. Knowledge changes and so are the means of production. To increase productivity, an organization needs to change its means of production and these may at times a change of the entire technology. A change in technology and means of production requires effective understanding of its operation. This therefore makes on job training and continuous development through studies more important. Some managers may prefer hiring newer employees with every new technology. While this may sound more effective, the cost of implementing such a policy may overwhelm the organization. Furthermore, it demoralizes employees thereby decreasing productivity. Commercial organizations exist in societies; this

Best Buy Retailing Analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Best Buy Retailing Analysis - Term Paper Example Based on this idea, Best Buy was able to come up with a customer centricity program that aims to develop more emphasis on excellent customer service. The customer centricity program has to function in a way that stores, buyers and segment organizations have to work out together for the success of the implementation process of the said program. Best Buy is a profit organization and in as much as possible it has to operate with substantial profit in the end. This is the reason why Best Buy had to find for more profitable customers and product segments. Best Buy focused on these areas that is why it was able to come up with five major profitable customer segments. Understanding customers’ needs was the first step that Best Buy performed under its customer centricity program. The next step performed was to identify profitable segments both for customers and products. This is a matter of finding focus and eventually Best Buy is good at this that resulted to finding the right vision that has to be imparted to the team. This is the reason why Best Buy was able to come up with strategic support for team so as to fully execute the vision. Customer associates for instance had to be empowered in order to effectively satisfy the customers in line with the customer centricity program. They have to necessarily apply scientific approach in dealing with and attending to the needs of customers. In this case, the value proposition was clearly defined and fully executed through store managers and all of the sales associates with clear picture of the vision. This is what exactly Best Buy had undertaken and eventually the idea of Brad Anderson to go for customer centricity was indeed imperative for its success. However, the success was not achieved right away; Best Buy had to go for market trials in order to put the entire idea of customer centricity to the test. Eventually, the company was able to come up with a marketing oriented approach in dealing with the issue of impro ving customer service and satisfaction. Customer centricity’s lackluster performance The customer centricity program is a matter of aggressive implementation. The model by itself sounds good for both the customers and Best Buy. However, there is going to be a problem when it comes to implementation or execution especially that the said program requires the stores, buyers and segment organizations to work in unison accordingly and harmoniously. There was a needed adjustment particularly among segment leaders due to aggressive rollout of 144 new centricity stores. Best Buy has to maintain its competitive advantage and the existence of new centricity stores threatened this potential market power. Thus, Best Buy had to initiate necessary adjustments. Within these adjustments, Best Buy needs to necessarily align the potential contributions of stores, customers and segment organizations for effective system transformation. The Best Buy’s missed out third quarter earnings per share on December 13, 2005 was due to the impact of necessary adjustments it needed to implement in order to perform better than its competitors that were applying the same customer centricity program (Lal, Knoop and Tarsis 154). Thus, the problem is not exactly about the centricity model or even the lag between implementation and results because customer centric

Social Problems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Social Problems - Research Paper Example It is estimated that more than 70000 women die each year due to post abortion complications, deaths which can be controlled through effective monitoring (Heary, 2009). Abortion occurs under two major scenarios i.e. Therapeutic abortion, which is when it is necessitated by the need to save the mother from harm, usually prescribed by a qualified medical practitioner as well as elective abortion, which is when a pregnant woman decides on her own to request for the procedure (Baumgardner, 2008). This paper is a critical evaluation of abortion as a societal dilemma. Abortion Abortion is a process, which can be dated back to more than 1000 years ago, as it is believed that the first case was documented approximately 1550 BC (Baumgardner, 2008). During this time, the practice was viewed as a normal way of birth control and even the church had not at that time deemed it as totally ungodly as it is in the present. In fact, the only restriction the church and the authorities at that time had w as only if quickening could be felt then abortion was considered as unacceptable. Quickening is a term that refers to the movements of the fetus in the uterus and which can be felt by the pregnant woman. In this context, a woman was not permitted to abort a child if quickening had already taken place. In the early US history, it was considered a normal practice to advertise abortion, before quickening, services. It may be important to note that during this time, industrial revolution had not taken place and therefore, the field of medicine had not developed enough to facilitate surgical operations. As a result, abortion was achieved through primitive means such as administration of strong herbs, performing strenuous activities such as weight lifting as well as other vigorous activities, applying pressure on the abdomen for example by lying on a hot coconut shell among others (Baumgardner, 2008). It was not until late 19th century that the legality of abortion in various states began to receive opposition from medical practitioners, civil societies, and the church among other influential groups in the society. According to Baumgardner (2008), some of these groups were motivated by the assumption that the indigenous populations would be dominated by immigrants, whose rate of child bearing was becoming higher than that of the locals. To avoid this, laws were put in place to control and reduce birth control through abortion, in order to maintain and increase their numbers. Similarly, legal health professionals wanted to drive native doctors out of business so as to protect their own business interests. Consequently, they championed for a legislation to outlaw abortion with the exception of therapeutic abortion, which requires the intervention of a qualified health practitioner. Apparently, traditional doctors and midwives were not considered to be qualified and therefore had to close down or work from the underground. It is after these developments that the issue of abortion became contentious, with women rights activists demanding the withdrawal of these legislations while others demanded the opposite (Heary, 2009). Unlike abortion in the ancient times where there was a societal consensus on its legality, the modern society is divided along numerous issues for example its morality. Ancient societies may be forgiven for they may be considered to have been living in a primitive society, which had no basic structures strong

Earth and Planet Essay Example for Free

Earth and Planet Essay God create our planet earth for us to have a home so we have to take care of our planet because God gave it to us and if we don’t take care of our planet someday our planet earth will be destroy or it will be gone. We have to protect our nature specially the trees because if we don’t protect our nature and if we cut down all the trees we will experience stronger floods and typhoon that will destroy our planet. We can save our planet earth by simply throwing your garbage in the right place not in the river or in the streets. If we throw our garbage in the river it will be stock and if there is a typhoon the flood will go higher than we expected because of the garbage that is stock in the river so we have to practice our selves not throwing garbage anywhere but in the right place only. For me it’s very important to protect our planet because God entrusted the planet earth to us so we have to protect it and love it. We can save our planet by stopping the mining company’s because if the mining in the earth continues someday the mountains in the earth will destroy and will cause a flashflood that people will be getting hurt or die. So if we want to live longer in this earth we have to protect our planet and save it before it’s too late.

Comparison of Solar and Wind Energy Technologies

Comparison of Solar and Wind Energy Technologies Contents (Jump to) CHAPTER 3 Solar and wind technologies comparison 3.1 Economics of technologies 3.1.1 Cost of photovoltaic Cells 3.1.1 Economics of wind turbines 3.2 Efficiency of technologies 3.3 Advantages and disadvantages CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1Results 4.2Discussion CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1Conclusions 5.2Recommendation REFERENCES CHAPTER 2 Solar and Wind Technologies Comparison 3.1 Economics of technologies Installed cost and performance levels of renewable energy plants are similar around the world, although no single figure can quantify the precise cost and performance of any renewable technology. The location where the technology is installed plays a major role in providing the energy resource for renewable energy technologies. Solar installations close to the equator have more energy production capability. Wind energy variations are more extreme, windiest regions are favorable to install wind turbines that generates significant amount of electrical energy such as New Zealand and United Kingdom (Freris and Infield, 2008). Table 3.1 shows the main parameters related to renewable energy technologies and conventional plant. It also indicates the three major components of energy generation cost which are: (1) the cost of the plant, land acquisition, grid connection and initial finance cost, (2) operation and maintenance cost (OM) and finally fuel cost. From the table it is noticeable that most of the renewable energy technologies have zero fuel cost and it varies in conventional plant. Table 3.1: Comparison of cost and performance data for renewable energy and conventional plant (Freris and Infield, 2008) Levelized cost method is the main traditional approach used to compare cost generating electricity from various energy technologies. The levelized cost of energy technologies is measured as it is shown in Equation 3.1: LOCE = (Eq. 3.1) The LCOE method is concept from reality and is used as a ranking tool to measure the cost-effectiveness of various energy generation technologies. Where CF is the capacity factor; OC is the overnight construction cost; CRF is the capital recovery factor; OMC is the series of annualized operation and maintenance costs; FC is the series of annualized fuel costs; r is the discount rate and T is the economic life of the plant. 3.1.1 Cost of photovoltaic Cells Solar radiation is a finite and free source of energy but despite that, there is cost for utilizing this form of energy. The calculation of the cost of solar energy can be made in the following manner. Assuming the solar system would have a specific lifetime of T years at initial cost of C0 Dollar. The amount of energy the system can generate during the lifetime of the system is Q (Goswami et al., 2000). The unite cost of energy, neglecting the interest charges, is equal to the cost of the installation divided by the total energy generated during the lifetime as it is shown in Equations 3.2: Cs = (Eq. 3.2) For example if the solar energy collector cost $200/m2 , has an expected life of 20 years, and is installed in a location where the mean annual horizontal surface irradiance is 300 W/m2 averaged over 24 hours, the cost of solar energy Cs will be equal to: = = $0.00380/Kw.hr However it is clear that no solar energy collector can perform at 100% efficiency. According to thermodynamic laws only a fraction of incident energy can be transformed into useful heat. Assuming the efficiency of the collector ÆÅ ¾c is 40 percent, the cost of solar will be given by Equation 3.2: Cs = = $0.00951/Kw.hr (Eq. 3.3) The efficiency of photovoltaic device plays a major role in the cost of the technology as we notice from the previous equation along with the optic of the device. The price of photovoltaic materials is usually expressed on a per-unit-area basis but the units are often sold based on cost per watt that is generated under peak solar illumination conditions. Equation 3.4 is used to convert the cost per square meter to cost per watt for photovoltaic technologies: $/WP = (Eq. 3.4) The return on investment made for specific equipment or material used for the photovoltaic system also is estimated. The payback time of PV unite of cost $/m2, is associated with the efficiency of the system, the installation location and the price of at which electricity generated is sold on the market $/kWh. Equation 3.5 is used to estimate the payback time which is: Payback time = (Eq. 3.5) The generate a significant quantity of energy in commercial application, several elements should be mainly considered such as the average illumination, cost of land, batteries, support structure and the life time of the PV unite. Balance of system (BOS) cost must be considered and it includes the mounting, wiring, operation cost and maintenance cost. The cost of electricity generated by solar cells can be calculated using Equation 3.6a and Figure 3.1 illustrate breakdown of the cost in PV system. Figure 3.1: PV Solar System Cost Breakdown (Source: the Rocky Mountain Institute) (Eq. 3.6a) Inserting the relevant terms, in Equation 3.6a and it becomes: = (Eq. 3.6b) The amortization rate is estimated from the real discount rate of i, and a PV lifetime, N, as shown in Equation 3.7: Amortization = (Eq. 3.7) The global annual production of solar energy technologies is estimated to be at approximately 12,400 MW in year 2007. Annual growth of PV production remains to be at 40-50% and according to Earth Policy Institute, the photovoltaic industry has grown by an average of 48% each year since 2002. This rapid growth of PV production made the solar energy became the world fastest-growing renewable energy resource (Henry and Healey, 2007). The wide variety of photovoltaic panel’s technologies competing in different energy markets was a major role in the rapid growth of solar energy technologies in a short period of time. For instance, large–scale photovoltaic panels and concentrated solar power technologies are competing with other technologies that seek to serve the centralized grid. Whereby on the other hand, small-scale solar systems compete with other types of technologies such as; diesel generation sets and off-grid wind turbines (Timilsinaa et al., 2012). Along with the variety of PV technologies, with the advancement of science and technology sector, the efficiency and power generation capacity of solar technologies have been improved to generate electricity that can compete with the conventional sources power plants. Photovoltaic technologies have been experiencing, the price of PV models haven been steadily decreasing during the past few decades. A lot of elements such as; Technology improvement using lower cost feedstock’s, efficiency increases, thinner solar cells, reduction in technical losses and increased manufacturing through had played a major role in decreasing the cost of PV modules throughout the years (Sioshansi, 2011). Figure 3.2 shows the declination in photovoltaic panel’s price per watt from 1978 until 2012. Figure 3.2: Historical photovoltaic module price per watt from 1978-2012 (Source: Navigant Consulting, 2008) From the Figure3.2, the price of PV modules were at it maximum in 1976 with 75$ per watt but in year 1978 the price drop to reach almost 55$ per watt. PV modules price kept decrease with the time passage and between 1986 and 1988 the price of PV module reached below the 10$ per watt. The declination of PV modules cost did not stop and between years 2010 and 2012 the price reached the lowest rate which was 1$ per watt. Photovoltaic technology system have no moving parts, this property reduces the cost of PV modules significantly along with the minimum operation and maintenance costs (mainly to remove the dirt and dust off the module) which is around 0.5% of the capital investment per year. The cost of PV unit presently is 60% of the total cost of PV system cost and the remaining 40% is covered by the structures, inverters and cabling costs (Aswathanarayana et al., 2010). References Henry M. and Healey P.E (2007): Economics of Solar, Cogeneration Distributed Generation Journal, vol. (22), no. (3), pp. 35-49, DOI: 10.1080/15453660709509122. Timilsinaa, G. R. Kurdgelashvili, L. and Narbel, P. A. (2012): Solar energy: Markets, economics and policies, vol. (12), pp. 449-465. Print Book: Freris, L and Infield, D. (2008): Renewable energy: In power systems, United Kingdom: John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Print Book: Goswami, Y. Kreith, F. and Kreider, J. F. (2000): Second Edition: Principle of Solar Engineering, New York, US: Taylor and Francis Group Print Book: Sioshansi, F. P. (2011): Energy, sustainability and the environment: Technology, incentives, behavior. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Inc.